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Rad Therapy > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Cellular differentiation

A

A stem cell undergoes mitosis and divides into daughter cells, which continue to divide until they reach maturity and have a specific function

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2
Q

Neoplasm

A

New growth

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3
Q

Tumors are results of?

A

Abnormal proliferation and differentiation

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4
Q

Modern theory

A

Supported by scientific research

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5
Q

Known carcinogens?

A

Viruses, Chemicals and radiation

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6
Q

Known carcinogens again?

A

Oncogenes, Protooconogenes, Antiocogenes

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7
Q

in the 1900’s what was made

A

anesthesia and the microscope

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8
Q

-Oma means?

A

Mass or tumor?

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9
Q

Cancer is?

A

A disease of the genes

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10
Q

Protooncogenes

A

Normal genes that help control cell growth and differentiation.

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11
Q

Oncogenes

A

are cancer genes, regulate the development and growth of cancerous tissue

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12
Q

Supressor gene or antioncogenes

A

supress the growth of cancer

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13
Q

What are precursors to oncogenes?

A

Protooncogenes

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14
Q

What causes mutations?

A

carcinogens or cancer causing agents

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15
Q

Tumors are classified by?

A

Their anatomic site, cell of origin, biologic behavior or histology ( study of tissue)

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16
Q

Well-differentiated means?

A

tumor cells resemble cells of origin

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17
Q

Poorly differentiated/Anaplastic/undifferentiated

A

tumor cells don’t resemble cells of origin

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18
Q

What does benign mean?

A

Grow but don’t metastasize
Well-Differentiated
Encapsulated and slow growing
Not life threatening
Cell of origin : -oma: example lipoma, osteoma, chondroma

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19
Q

What does Malignant mean?

A

Well-differentiated to poorly differentiated
Can metastasize
Destroys normal tissue and can cause death
Adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma

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20
Q

Carcinomas arise from?

A

Epithelial tissue that covers surfaces or lines body cavities

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21
Q

Carcinomas spread through?

A

Lymphatics

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22
Q

Sarcomas arise from?

A

Mesenchymal cells which make up connective tissues such as cartilage and bone

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23
Q

Sarcomas spread through what?

A

Blood

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24
Q

Leukemias is?

A

Cancer of the blood

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25
Q

Lymphomas

A

arise in the lymph system

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26
Q

Most common cancer in men?

A

Prostate, lung, colorectal

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27
Q

Most common cancer in women

A

Breast, lung, colorectal

28
Q

What cancer is responsible for most deaths?

A

Lung cancer

29
Q

Etiology is?

A

The study of the cause of disease

30
Q

What are some examples of chemical carcinogens?

A

Tobacco, Alcohol, Dioxin, Nickel

31
Q

Examples of radiation carcinogens?

A

Medical x-rays, sun exposure, tanning beds

32
Q

What is Epidemiology?

A

The study of disease incidence

33
Q

Why is Epidemiology important?

A

Get statistics on occurrence and death rates

34
Q

What are examples of Epidemiologic factors?

A

Age, race, gender

35
Q

Important information in surgical data?

A

Stage, lymph node involvement, surgical margins, date

36
Q

important information of Chemotherapy?

A

Type, Dosage, Dates of treatment

37
Q

example of screening exams?

A

Pap smear (Cervix) , fecal occult blood, Mammograms (Breast), PSA digital rectal exam

38
Q

C.A.U.T.I.O.N detection stands for what?

A

Change in bowel
A sore that doesn’t heal
Unusual bleeding or discharge
Thickening of lump in breast or elsewhere
Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
Obvious change in wart or mole
Nagging cough or hoarseness

39
Q

Sensitive means what?

A

Can identify a tumor in its early stages

40
Q

Specific means what?

A

Can identify a particular type of cancer

41
Q

Useful screening exams must be?

A

Sensitive, specific, cost effective and accurate

42
Q

All the tests done to determine if a patient has cancer. (Patient workup)

A

Full medical history, Physical exam, Lab test, Radiographic evaluation

43
Q

Staging

A

Can be clinical, surgical or pathological

44
Q

Grading is

A

Microscopic evaluation of cells which tells the degree of differentiation, and thus the aggressiveness of the tumor

45
Q

G1 is?

A

Well differentiated

46
Q

G2 is?

A

moderately well differentiated

47
Q

G3 is?

A

Poorly differentiated

48
Q

G4 is

A

very poorly differentiated

49
Q

basic principle of radiation therapy?

A

To cure the cancer with minimal damage to normal function and structure

50
Q

Determining factor of treatment?

A

Aggressiveness of cancer
predictability of cancer
morbidity and mortality rate of the treatment procedure
cure rate of the treatment procedure

51
Q

Most cancers are treated with?

A

Multidisciplinary approach

52
Q

Multidisciplinary approach?

A

Surgery, Radiation therapy, Chemotherapy, immunology

53
Q

What is a tumor conference?

A

A meeting to present a case and decide on the best course of treatment

54
Q

Advantages of surgical oncology?

A

Instantaneous and successful for small lesions

55
Q

Limitations of surgical?

A

Poor cosmetic effect, Size and extent of tumor, Inaccessibility , medical condition

56
Q

What are examples of local treatment?

A

Radiation therapy and surgery

57
Q

Treatment can be used only?

A

If margins are clear, or combined with other modalities

58
Q

Palliation is?

A

The relief of symptoms only, to correct a bowel obstruction or impingement on nerve

59
Q

Second-look surgery is?

A

To see how treatments have affected cancer

60
Q

Radiation therapy

A

Preserves function, can be used alone or combined, for cure, palliation or prophylaxis, site specific

61
Q

Advantages of Radiation Oncology

A

Preserves function and Good cosmetic results

62
Q

Limitations of Radiation Oncology

A

Localized tumors, proximity of tumor to critical structures, medical conditions

63
Q

Methods of delivery of RO

A

External beam and Brachytherapy

64
Q

External beam is

A

source of radiation is produced outside the patients body

65
Q

Brachytherapy is

A

source of radiation is placed next to or directly in the tumor

66
Q
A

Rad Therapy (1 decks)

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