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BL1011 > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four major classes in biomolecules?

A

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

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2
Q

whats the empiric formula for many of the simpler carbohydrates?

A

(CH2O)n

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3
Q

what is the class of simpler carbohydrate compounds better described as?

A

polyhydroxy groups, aldehydes and ketones

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4
Q

what are the various functions of carbohydrates?

A

dietary requirements, storage form of energy, component of cell membrane, and structural component of many organisms

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5
Q

what are the different classifications of carbohydrates?

A

monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides

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6
Q

what are examples of monosaccharides? how many saccharides?

A

1 saccharide, and glucose & fructose

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7
Q

what are examples of disaccharides? how many saccharides?

A

2 monosaccharides, and sucrose, maltose & lactose

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8
Q

what are examples of oligosaccharides? how many saccharides?

A

3-10 monosaccharides, and raffinose, maltotriose & oligofructose

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9
Q

what are examples of polysaccharides? how many saccharides?

A

more than 10 monosaccharides, and starch & dextrin

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10
Q

3 carbon monosaccharides are…?

A

trioses

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11
Q

4 carbon monosaccharides are…?

A

tetroses

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12
Q

5 carbon monosaccharides are…?

A

pentoses

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13
Q

6 carbon monosaccharides are…?

A

hexoses

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14
Q

if the carbonyl group (C=O) is at the end of a carbon chain this would be…

A

an aldose

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15
Q

if the carbonyl group (C=O) is anywhere on a carbon chain this would be…

A

a ketose

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16
Q

a 6 carbon aldose is…

A

aldohexose

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17
Q

a 5 carbon ketose is…

A

ketopentose

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18
Q

carbon numbering begins at…

A

the carbonyl group (C=O) (ketose or aldehyde group)

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19
Q

what are some properties of glucose?

A

it is the most abundant hexose in our diet and the building block of complex carbohydrates

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20
Q

glucose is a component of the polysaccharides…?

A

starch, cellulose and glycogen

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21
Q

what are some properties of fructose?

A

it is the sweetest of the carbohydrates and is a keto sugar

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22
Q

galactose + glucose =

A

lactose

23
Q

glucose + fructose =

A

sucrose

24
Q

glucose + glucose =

A

D-maltose

25
Q

constitutional isomers…

A

have the same molecular formula but different atomic arrangements

26
Q

stereoisomers…

A

SAME order, DIFFERENT spacial arrangements

27
Q

enantiomers…

A

is 1 of 2 stereoisomers & are mirror images of each other & non-superimposable

28
Q

diastereoisomers…

A

is 1 of 2 stereoisomers & are NOT mirror images

29
Q

anomers…

A

a type of stereoisomer that differ at a new asymmetric carbon atom formed on ring closure, e.g., ALPHA and BETA glucose

30
Q

epimers…

A

a type of stereoisomer that differ in position of the -OH group

31
Q

what does cyclisation of a monosaccharide create?

A

cyclisation creates an anomeric carbon- a carbon derived from the carbonyl carbon compound (aldehyde or ketone group)

32
Q

when the OH group on a cyclic monosaccharide faces up this is…

A

beta (bird)

33
Q

when the OH group on a cyclic monosaccharide faces down this is…

A

alpha (∝lpha)

34
Q

the bond that link sugars are called…

A

glycosidic bonds

35
Q

examples of important polysaccharides include:

A

glycogen, starch, cellulose (which are all polymers of glucose)

36
Q

if an anomeric hydroxyl is in the a configuration, the linkage is…

A

an a-bond

37
Q

if an anomeric hydroxyl is in the b configuration, the linkage is…

A

a b-bond

38
Q

if the hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon is not linked to another compound, then the ring can open. the sugar can act as a….

A

reducing agent, therefore all monosaccharides are reducing agents

39
Q

the benedicts test is when…

A

reducing sugars can react with chromogenic agents to be reduced and coloured, for example detect sugars in urine, the acyclic sugar becomes oxidised. the copper (II) ions in the solution are reduced to copper (I) ions, causing a colour change. blue -> red

40
Q

what is the use of glycogen? what are the bonds present?

A

it is a storage form of glucose in animals (mainly muscle and liver cells), alpha 1,6 and 1,4 glycosidic bonds, highly branched

41
Q

what is the use of starch? what is it composed of?

A

it is a storage form of glucose in plants found in rice, wheat, potatoes, grains and cereal. composted of 2 long polysaccharides of glucose- amylose and amylopectin

42
Q

examples of important polysaccharides include:

A

glycogen, starch, cellulose (which are all polymers of glucose)

43
Q

if an anomeric hydroxyl is in the a configuration, the linkage is…

A

an a-bond

44
Q

if an anomeric hydroxyl is in the b configuration, the linkage is…

A

a b-bond

45
Q

if the hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon is not linked to another compound, then the ring can open. the sugar can act as a….

A

reducing agent, therefore all monosaccharides are reducing agents

46
Q

the benedicts test is when…

A

reducing sugars can react with chromogenic agents to be reduced and coloured, for example detect sugars in urine, the acyclic sugar becomes oxidised. the copper (II) ions in the solution are reduced to copper (I) ions, causing a colour change. blue -> red

47
Q

what is the use of glycogen? what are the bonds present?

A

it is a storage form of glucose in animals (mainly muscle and liver cells), a 1,6 and 1,4 glycosidic bonds, highly branched

48
Q

what is the use of starch? what is it composed of?

A

it is a storage form of glucose in plants found in rice, wheat, potatoes, grains and cereal. composted of 2 long polysaccharides of glucose

49
Q

amylose is…

A

linear, 1 non-reducing and 1 reducing end, alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds

50
Q

amylopectin is…

A

branched, many non-reducing ends, and 1 reducing end, alpha 1,6 and 1,4 glycosidic bonds

51
Q

cellulose is…

A

a structural carbohydrate in plant walls, chains of beta glucose joined by beta 1,4 glycosidic bonds

52
Q

if the group on the non-carbohydrate molecule to which sugar is attached is an -NH2 group, the structure is an…

A

N-glycoside, and the bond is an N-glycosidic link

53
Q

if the group on the non-carbohydrate molecule to which sugar is attached is an -OH group, the structure is an…

A

O-glycoside, and the bond is an O-glycosidic link

BL1011 (4 decks)

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