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unit 1: biological molecules > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

What are the monomers that form larger carbohydrates?

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

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2
Q

What is the chemical formula of the monosaccharides that form carbohydrates?

A

C6H12O6

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3
Q

What reaction joins 2 monosaccharides?

A

Condensation

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4
Q

What bond forms between 2 monosaccharides?

A

Glycosidic

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5
Q

What are the 2 isomers of glucose?

A

Alpha glucose
Beta glucose

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6
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

2 monosaccharides joined together by a condensation reaction

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7
Q

What are the monosaccharides of maltose?

A

Glucose

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8
Q

What are the monosaccharides of lactose?

A

Glucose + galactose

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9
Q

What are the monomers of sucrose?

A

Glucose + fructose

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10
Q

What is the equation for a condensation reaction between 2 monosaccharides?

A

C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 —————> C12H22O11 + H2O

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11
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

The breaking of a glycosidic bond with a molecule of water

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12
Q

What is the equation for a hydrolysis reaction?

A

C12H22O11 + H2O ————> C6H12O6 + C6H12O6

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13
Q

How are polysaccharides formed?

A

The condensation of many monosaccharides

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14
Q

How is cellulose formed?

A

The condensation of beta glucose

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15
Q

How is glycogen formed?

A

The condensation of alpha glucose

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16
Q

How is starch formed?

A

The condensation of alpha glucose

17
Q

What is the function of glycogen?

A

Storage in humans

18
Q

What is the function of starch?

A

Storage in plants

19
Q

What is the function of cellulose?

A

Provides structure in plants

20
Q

How does starch and glycogen being insoluble enable it to carry out its function?

A

Doesn’t affect osmosis or water potential

21
Q

How does starch and glycogen being coiled into a helix enable it to carry out its function?

A

Makes it compact so a lot can fit in a small space

22
Q

How does starch and glycogen having 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds enable it to carry out its function?

A

Allows branching to occur

23
Q

Why does starch and glycogen being branched enable it to carry out its function?

A

Provides many ends for rapid hydrolysis by enzymes to form alpha glucose which is used during respiration

24
Q

Why must starch and glycogen be large to enable it to carry out its function?

A

Prevents it diffusing across the cell membrane and out of cells

25
Q

How does glycogen differ from starch?

A

Glycogen has shorter chains than starch
Glycogen is more highly branched than starch
Glycogen has a larger surface area

26
Q

What forms when beta glucose join during a condensation reaction?

A

They form long, straight and unbranded chains
Every other beta glucose molecule flips 180°

27
Q

What happens during the condensation of cellulose?

A

Several chains of cellulose are held together by hydrogen bonds in layers

28
Q

How are microfibrils formed?

A

Hundreds of chains being held together by hydrogen binds

29
Q

How are cellulose fibres formed?

A

Hydrogen bonds form between microfibrils

30
Q

How is the structure of cellulose linked to its function?

A

Long, straight, unbranched chains of beta glucose
Linked together by hydrogen bonds to form microfibrils and cellulose fibres
Provide strength to cell wall

31
Q

What is the test for reducing sugars?

A

Benedict’s test

32
Q

What is the test for non-reducing sugars?

A

Benedict’s test

33
Q

What is the test for starch?

A

Iodine solution

34
Q

How do you test for reducing sugars?

A
  1. Add Benedict’s solution to food sample and heat to 95°
  2. A colour change from blue to a red precipitate indicates a positive result for reducing sugars being present
35
Q

How do you test for non-reducing sugars?

A

After a negative Benedict’s test for reducing sugars:
1. Boil a fresh sample with hydrochloride acid
2. Neutralise the solution by adding sodium hydrogen carbonate
3. Add Benedict’s reagent and heat to 95°
4. A colour change from blue to a red precipitate indicates a positive result for a non-reducing sugar

36
Q

How do you test for starch?

A
  1. Add iodine in potassium iodide solution to food sample
  2. A colour change from orange to blue/black indicates a positive result for starch

unit 1: biological molecules (5 decks)

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