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LQB186 > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

‘Carbohydrate’ is from the Greek word sákcharon meaning ____

A

Sugar

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2
Q

Simple sugars are called ____

A

Monosaccharides

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3
Q

2 - 10 sugars linked are called ____

A

Oligosaccharides

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4
Q

Macromolecules are known as ____

A

Polysaccharides

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5
Q

Carbohydrates are mostly made of what three elements?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

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6
Q

What is the general chemical formula of carbohyrates?

A

(CH2O)n

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7
Q

The ‘n’ of the general carbohydrate formula (CH2O)n can be any number between ____ and ____

A

3 and 7

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8
Q

What is the chemical formula of glucose?

A

C6H12O6

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9
Q

What forms do carbohydrates take when functioning as storage for plants and animals?

A

Starch in plants, glycogen in animals

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10
Q

What forms do carbohydrates take when functioning as structural support in plants and animals?

A

Cellulose in plants, chitin in animals

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11
Q

What are the two families of monosaccharides?

A

Aldoses and ketoses

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12
Q

Monosaccharides have ____ centres

A

Asymmetric

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13
Q

Most naturally occurring sugars are what kind of isomer?

A

D isomers

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14
Q

What are epimers?

A

Two sugars that differ only in the configuration around one carbon atom

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15
Q

Two sugars that differ only in the configuration around one carbon atom are called ____

A

Epimers

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16
Q

What are anomers?

A

Isomeric forms of monosaccharides that differ only in the configuration about the emiacetal or hemiketal carbon atom

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17
Q

Isomeric forms of monosaccharides that differ only in the configuration about the emiacetal or hemiketal carbon atom are called ____

A

Anomers

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18
Q

Glycosidic bonds protect the anomeric carbon from ____

A

Oxidation

19
Q

Glycosidic bonds protect the ____ ____ from oxidation

A

Anomeric carbon

20
Q

The position of which group on the anomeric carbon of pyranoses and furanoses is an important distiction?

A

The -OH group

21
Q

What determines whether a D-glucopyranose is an α or β?

A

The position of the OH group in relation to the sixth C (the carbon with the CH2OH attached)

22
Q

Is the OH group of an α-D-glucopyranose on the same or opposite side of the ring as the sixth C?

A

Opposite side

23
Q

Is the OH group of a β-D-glucopyranose on the same or opposite side of the ring as the sixth C?

A

Same side

24
Q

α-D-glucopyranose has a ____ projection

A

Downward

25
Q

β-D-glucopyranose has an ____ projection

A

Upward

26
Q

Glc(α1→2β)Fru

What does the α mean?

A

Indicates the configuration of the anomeric carbon

27
Q

Glc(α1→2β)Fru

What does the 1 and 2 mean?

A

They indicate which carbons were joined by the glycosidic bond

28
Q

Glc(α1→2β)Fru

What does the β mean?

A

Indicates the configuration of the anomeric carbon

29
Q

Where are oligosaccharides commonly found?

A

On cell membranes and surfaces (serve as cell markers, such as blood group glycolipids)

30
Q

Polysaccharides are also called ____

A

Glycans

31
Q

What are homopolysaccharides?

A

One type of sugar, repeated

32
Q

Can homopolysaccharides be branched or unbranched?

A

Yes, they can be both branched and unbranched

33
Q

Describe the branching of heteropolysaccharides with only two monomer types

A

Unbranched

34
Q

Describe the branching of heteropolysaccharides with multiple monomer types

A

Branched

35
Q

Starch is composed of two types of glucose homopolymers - what are they?

A

Amylose and Amylopectin

36
Q

Amylopection has more branches than amylose and is therefore less ____

A

Soluble

37
Q

In animals, glucose is stored as ____

A

Glycogen

38
Q

What are the two forms of stored glycogen?

A

Proglycogen and macroglycogen

39
Q

Glucose is used through oxidative reactions to give what three products?

A

CO2, H2O, and energy

40
Q

What is the most common macromolecule

A

Cellulose

41
Q

Cellulose is made of linear chains of covalently linked ____ ____

A

Glucose residues

42
Q

Both starch and cellulose are composed of chains of gluose molecules. What is the difference between them?

A

Starch is α glucose monomers, while cellulose is β glucose monomers

43
Q

True or false: starches can be used as energy sources by the body

A

True

44
Q

True or false: cellulose can be used as energy sources by the body

A

False

LQB186 (5 decks)

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