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Biology > Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 Main Organic Molecules

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

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2
Q

What does it mean if a molecule/substance is organic?

A

It has carbon

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3
Q

polymer

A

many units

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4
Q

monomer

A

one unit

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5
Q

The nutritional value of Carbohydrates

A

4 cal/gram

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6
Q

The most important energy source for living cells

A

carbohydrates

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7
Q

Carbohydrates are important to living things because they provide

A

short term energy source

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8
Q

Unused carbohydrates turn into..

A

stored material (fat)

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9
Q

monosaccharide

A

simple sugar

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10
Q

polysaccharide

A

many sugars

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11
Q

The most important monosaccharide for the human body is…

A

glucose

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12
Q

4 types of monosaccharides are…

A

glucose, galactose, fructose, ribose

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13
Q

sugars usually end in ______?

A

OSE

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14
Q

3 types of disaccharides

A

maltose, sucrose (table sugar), lactose (sugar found in milk)

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15
Q

Disaccharides are made up of ____ monosaccharides.

A

2
Example: Glu + Glu = maltose

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16
Q

Polysaccharides are used for ___________ and __________.

A

energy storage, structure

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17
Q

What type of polysaccharide is used for plant energy storage?

A

starch

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18
Q

What type of polysaccharide is used for animal energy storage?

A

glycogen

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19
Q

What type of polysaccharide is used for the structure of plants?

A

cellulose; cell walls

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20
Q

What type of polysaccharide is used for the structure of animals?

A

exoskeleton

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21
Q

CHITIN is….

A

a polysaccharide used for the structure of animals (exoskeleton)
Example: the hard outer shell on a crab or lobster

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22
Q

Disaccharide: Glu + Glu =

A

maltose

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23
Q

Disaccharide: Glu + Fruc =

A

sucrose (table sugar)

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24
Q

Disaccharide: Glu + Gal =

A

lactose (milk sugar; ice cream, milk, yogurt, etc)

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25
Q

4 things lipids consist of are..

A

fats, oils, waxes, and steroids

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26
Q

Wax _______ and ______ surfaces

A

protects, seals

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27
Q

Fat in living things make up….

A

cell membranes and membrane bound organelles

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28
Q

Fats is good for your body by…

A

providing cushion to your body ( cushion between bones and skins), and insulates warmth (helps with homeostasis)

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29
Q

The nutritional value for fat is..

A

9 cal/gram

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30
Q

Fats are best for _____ term energy storage

A

long

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31
Q

Fats are ______ at room temp

A

solid

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32
Q

Oils are _______ at room temp

A

liquid

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33
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Lipids DO NOT mix with water

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34
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Lipids DO mix with water

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35
Q

Amphipathic

A

when a lipid has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts (both emotions of the molecule - love + hatred of water)

36
Q

Fatty Acids can be _________ and _________

A

saturated, unsaturated

37
Q

saturated fats (fatty acids) are _______ for you

A

bad (wet sponge getting thrown at you)

38
Q

unsaturated fats (fatty acids) are ______ for you

A

good (dry sponge getting thrown at you)

39
Q

A type of fatty acid that is made up of a long chain of hydrocarbons

A

phospholipid

40
Q

saturated and unsaturated fatty acids are made up of…

A

3 fatty acids + glycerol

41
Q

saturated fatty acids have a ______ bond

A

single

42
Q

unsaturated fatty acids have some _______ bonds

A

double

43
Q

if there is one double bond in a fatty acid, the whole thing is immediately ___________

A

unsaturated

44
Q

Anabolic Reaction

A

building polymers from monomers

45
Q

Catabolic Reaction

A

breaking down polymers into monomers

46
Q

Carbohydrates are made up of

A

monosaccharides and polysaccharides

47
Q

Hydrolysis is used when

A

breaking down materials (catabolic)

48
Q

Synthesis (dehydration/condensation) is used when

A

building materials (anabolic)

49
Q

Proteins are made up of…

A

amino acids

50
Q

a monomer in a protein =

A

one amino acid

51
Q

amino acids are joined together by a _________ bond

A

covalent (also known as a peptide)

52
Q

a small protein/polypeptide is made up of…

A

4 amino acids joined by a peptide bond (have a double bond)

53
Q

In all amino acids, only the __ group is different

A

R

54
Q

4 amino acids are joined by a ______ bond, and remove __ water molecules to join together

A

peptide, 3

55
Q

The nutritional value of proteins is

A

4 cal/gram

56
Q

essential amino acids are…

A

amino acids that MUST get into our diet in order to make proteins

57
Q

complete proteins are..

A

proteins that have all the essential amino acids

58
Q

6 reasons proteins are important to living things are…

A
  1. Nutrition
  2. Structure + Movement
  3. Immune System
  4. Hormones
  5. Enzymes
  6. Denaturization
59
Q

Proteins help the structure and movement in living things by

A

muscles - protein fibers
connective tissue - connects bone to bone (ligaments), and muscle to bone (tendons)

60
Q

Proteins are important to the immune system in living things because

A

antibodies are made up of strings of amino acids

61
Q

Enzymes are made up of

A

protein/polypeptide

62
Q

Enzymes are important to living things because they

A

enable rapid and fast reactions to occur

63
Q

Enzymes usually end in…

A

ASE

64
Q

Enzymes help with…

A

bonding two reactants together in order to make a product faster

65
Q

The active site in an enzyme is where…

A

the bond between two reactants takes place

66
Q

a substrate is

A

molecules that need to be worked on (need a bond to create a product)

67
Q

a substrate complex is

A

when the both of the molecules have fallen into the enzyme (step #2)

68
Q

After a product has been made between two reactants, the enzyme is…

A

recycled and reused

69
Q

The activation energy is

A

the max energy required for a reaction to take place for a protein

70
Q

adding an enzyme to bond two reactants together to make a product will cause the activation energy to be ________

A

lower (less energy needed because the reaction is faster)

71
Q

Denaturization is…

A

destroying an enzyme (any protein) by heat, pH, salt, etc - so the enzyme can not return to its original state
Example: an egg yolk after being cooked (heat), will not return back to its previous state

72
Q

Nucleic Acids are

A

molecules of heredity (DNA, RNA)

73
Q

The nutritional value of nucleic acids is

A

no nutritional value

74
Q

Nucleic Acids are important to living things because they…

A

store and provide energy for cell reactions (ATP; adenosine triphosphate)

75
Q

DNA stands for

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

76
Q

RNA stands for

A

ribonucleic acid

77
Q

4 N Bases in DNA are

A

Adenine - Thymine
Guanine - Cytosine

78
Q

4 N Bases in RNA are

A

Adenine - Uracil
Guanine - Cytosine

79
Q

N Bases in DNA and RNA connect to each other by

A

hydrogen bonds

80
Q

DNA is made up of

A

nucleotides that are anitparallel

81
Q

The structure of DNA is an

A

alpha helix

82
Q

The 2 Nitrogen Bases in RNA are…

A

pyrimidines and purines

83
Q

Pyrimidines (pie shape) for RNA include

A

C - cytosine
U - uracil
T - thymine

84
Q

Purines (pie shape + extra thing) for RNA include

A

A - adenine
G - guanine

85
Q

There is always 1 pyrimidine and 1 purine in an RNA structure (to maintain parallel strands)

A

true

Biology (1 decks)

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