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Chemistry > Organic > Flashcards

Organic Flashcards

1
Q

How does CO2 contribute to global warming?

A

C=O bonds absorb infrared radiation which is passed to other molecules upon collision

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2
Q

What conditions are needed to convert primary alcohols to carboxylic acids?

A

Reflux

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3
Q

What conditions are needed to convert carboxylic acids to esters?

A

reaction with an alcohol with a strong acid catalyst present

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4
Q

What are the conditions to convert an ester back to a carboxylic acid?

A

water, acid hydrolysis

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5
Q

how do you get soap from an ester?

A

Alkaline hydrolysis - saponification

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6
Q

What is an ester?
properties?
Uses?

A

Sweet smelling compoud used in food flavourings and perfumes
low boiling point
good solvent for polar molecules

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7
Q

Are carboxylic acids strong or weak acids?

A

weak

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8
Q

How is biodiesel made?

A

reacting vegetable oils + Methanol in the presence of a strong acid catalyst

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9
Q

What are the conditions for addition-elimination?

A

aqueous

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10
Q

Why is ethanoyl chloride not used in industry?

A

expensive
produces harmful HCl fumes

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11
Q

What is the alternative to ethanoyl chloride?

A

Ethanoic anhydride

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12
Q

Which alcohol is added to long-chain carboxylic acids in biodiesel production?

A

Methanol

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13
Q

Uses of Esters

A

Solvent
Perfume
Plasticisers
Food flavouring

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14
Q

IUPAC name of glycerol

A

Propane-1.2.3-triol

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15
Q

Benzen bond length and angle

A

0.139 nm

120’

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16
Q

Why is hydrogenation unfavourable in benzene?

A

It is a form of addition reaction, breaking the aromaticity

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17
Q

Why is benzene more stable than cyclohexa-1,3,5-triene?

A

overalpping p-orbitals make benzene planar

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18
Q

Electrophilic substrition catalyst with benzene

A

Lewis acid catalyst

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19
Q

H- source for nucleophilic addition

A

Sodium borohydride

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20
Q

KCN hazards

A

Irritant
produces HCN when wet - repiratory inhibitor

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21
Q

Why will sodium borohydride only reduce carbonyls?

A

The alcohol is less reactive

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22
Q

Alternative to ethanoyl chloride

A

Ethanoic anhydride
- cheaper
- more stable
- less reactive

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23
Q

Thermal Cracking

A

Produces a high proportion of alkanes and alkenes.

High temp - 1200K
High Pressure - 7000kPa

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24
Q

Catalytic Cracking

A

Produces aromatic compounds with carbon rings

Lower temp - 720K
Normal Pressure

Zeolite Catalyst

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25
Q

Catalyst used in a catalytic converter

A

Rhodium Catalyst

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26
Q

Byproducts of Incomplete combustion

A

Carbon particulates - small fragments of unburned hydrocarbon

Cause serious respiratory problems

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27
Q

Issue of Sulfur impurities

A

Lead to the acidification of water as they react to form a weak form of H2SO4

28
Q

How are sulfur impurities removed from waste products?

A

Flue gas desulfurisation

29
Q

What is used in flue gas desulfurisation?

A

Calcium oxide and Gypsum

30
Q

What can happen if sulfur impurities are not removed from waste products?

A

Global warming
Acid Rain
Health Issues in humans

31
Q

Conditions to convert alkane –> haloalkane

A

Halogen in the presence of UV light

32
Q

Role of UV light in chlorination of alkanes

A

Breaks down the halogen bond, producing free radicals

33
Q

Effect of Mr of the halogen in polar bond on bond enthalpy

A

The greater the Mr, the lower the bond enthalpy, meaning it can be broken more easily

34
Q

Conditions for elimination of halogenoalkane

A

High temp

Alcoholic conditions

35
Q

Role of Ozone

A

Absorbs UV radiation

36
Q

CFCs

A

absorb UV radiation, breaking down the carbon-halogen binds to form free radicals that can catalyse ozone depletion

37
Q

Test fro alkenes

A

Bromine water
Orange-brown –> colourless

38
Q

Most stable carbocation

A

tertiary

39
Q

Polymers

A

Unreactive hydrocarbon chains with multiple strong, non-polar covalent bonds

40
Q

PVC

A

Addition polymer with waterproof properties.

It gains these properties by the addition of plasticizers during the reaction

41
Q

Conditions to produce alcohols from alkenes

A

Hydration in the presence of an acid catalyst

Aqueous conditions

300’C

High pressuree

42
Q

Why is biofuel considered to be carbon neutral?

A

The carbon outtake is the same as the carbon input

43
Q

Pros and Cons of fermentation compared to Hydration to produce alcohols

A

Pros
Cheaper due to lower temp

Cons
Fermented in batches, making it a much slower process with a lower % yield

44
Q

Oxidation of Primary alcohols

A

Heated in the presence of acidified potassium dichromate

45
Q

Primary alcohol –> Carboxylic acid

A

Oxidized using heat and reflux

46
Q

Secondary alcohol –> Ketone

A

Oxidation
Presence of acidified potassium dichromate
Heat

47
Q

Colour change of acidified potassium dichromate in the oxidation of alcohol

A

Orange –> Green

48
Q

Formation of Alkenes from alcohols

A

Dehydration reaction
Excess of hot sulfuric acid
Aluminium oxide catalyst

49
Q

Advantage of producing alkenes from the dehydration of alcohols

A

Addition polymers can be produced from fermentation without the need for crude oil

50
Q

Test for aldehydes

A

Tollens Reagent, warmed gently

Colourless –> silver mirror

51
Q

Fehling’s solution with aldehyde colour change

A

Blue –> brick red precipitate

52
Q

Bromine water colour change with unsaturated hydrocarbons

A

Orange brown –> Colourless

53
Q

Test for Carboxylic acids

A

Limewater - Solution goes cloudy

54
Q

Standard used for C13 NMR

A

Tetramethylsilane (TMS)

55
Q

Solvent used for NMR

A

CDCl3

56
Q

Conditions for the inert carrier gas in gas chromatography

A

Pressure

High temp

57
Q

Effect on elution time if a substance interacts more with the stationary phase

A

Increase

58
Q

What can an aluminium TLC plate be coated in?

A

Aluminium

Silica

59
Q

Substance most commonly used in column chromatography

A

Silica

60
Q

Suitable reagent for the hydrolysis of a protein

A

Conc HCl

61
Q

Chromotography - purpose of 2 solvents

A

Some of the amino acids did not seperate with the first solvent

Some amino acids have the same Rf value with the first solvent

62
Q

3 examples of polyamides

A

Kevlar
Nylon-6,6
Polypeptides

63
Q

What are polyamides formed from?

A

Diamine + Carboxylic acid

64
Q

Types of Polymer

A

Polyester
Polyamide
Polypeptide

65
Q

Products of Incineration

A

Greenhouse gases
Toxic gases

Chemistry (8 decks)

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