Cardiac Physiology

Question 1

Where is the heart located?

Answer 1

In the mediastinum

Question 2

What is the fibrous sac the heart is in?

Answer 2

Pericardium

Question 3

What are the 3 layers of the heart?

Answer 3

Epicardium
Myocardium - Functional muscle
Endocardium

Question 4

What are the 3 cardiac pacemakers and their rate?

Answer 4

SA (Sinoatrial) - 60 to 100
AV (Atrioventricular) - 40 to 60
Ventricles (Purkinje Fibers) - 20 to 40

Question 5

When are the coronary arteries fed?

Answer 5

Diastole

Question 6

What does the RCA supply blood to?

Answer 6

Right ventricle
Inferior heart
Posterior heart

Question 7

What does the LCA supply blood to?

Answer 7

Left ventricle
Anterior heart
Septum

Question 8

Where does all venous blood eventually dump into? and where does it drain?

Answer 8

Dumps into the coronary sinus and drains into the right atrium

Question 9

Equation for Cardiac Output

Answer 9

SV x HR = CO

Question 10

In diastole what do the ventricles and atria do? (Contract/Relax)

Answer 10

Ventircles - Relax (Semilunar valves close)
Atria - Contract (atrial kick)

Question 10

In systole what do the ventricles and atria do? ( Contract/Relax )

Answer 10

Ventricles - Contract (AV valves close)
Atria - Relax

Question 11

How is a mechanical pulse created?

Answer 11

Expansion and recoil of arteies after each systole of the L ventricle creates a traveling pressure wave

Question 12

What is cardiac reserve?

Answer 12

The ability for the heart to increase CO due to increased demand

Question 13

Frank Starlings Law

Answer 13

More stretch = More contraction strength

Question 14

3 factors of Stroke Volume

Answer 14

Preload ( Starlings Law )
Contractility
Afterload

Question 15

4 Cardiac tissue traits

Answer 15

1. Automaticity
2. Contractility
3. Conductivity
4. Excitability

Question 16

What do baroreceptors measure?

Answer 16

Pressure and stretch on blood vessel walls

Question 17

What do chemoreceptors measure?

Answer 17

Detect changes in O2. CO2, and pH

Question 18

Difference between Epi and Norepi

Answer 18

Epi: Alpha1,Beta1,Beta2
Boost BP & HR
Norepi: Only Alpha1
Boost BP w/o changing HR

Question 19

Pulse pressure

Answer 19

Difference between systolic and diastolic. Usually 40

Question 20

Equation for Blood Pressure

Answer 20

BP = CO x PVR

Question 21

3 Layers of an artery

Answer 21

Tunica interna (lining)
Tunica media ( allows for vasoconstriction/dilation)
Tunica externa (covering)

Question 22

What are the 3 mechanisms of venous return to the heart?

Answer 22

1. Skeletal muscle pump
2. Valves
   3.Breathing

Question 23

How is O2 supplied to a fetus in the womb?

Answer 23

Placenta
Umbilical Cord

Question 24

How many veins vs arteries in fetal circulation?

Answer 24

2 veins, 1 artery

Question 25

3 Main Functions of blood

Answer 25

1. Transportation
   -O2, CO2, waste, nutrients
2. Protection
   
   • Clotting cascade
3. Regulation
   
   • pH, temp, H2O balance

Question 26

What are the 2 parts of blood and the percentages?

Answer 26

Plasma 55%
Formed elements 45%
-RBC
- Buffy coat

Question 27

Where are RBC made?

Answer 27

Red bone marrow

Question 28

What is the average circulating blood volume in males and females?

Answer 28

5-7l for Males
4-6l for Females

Question 29

How much blood is circulated through the kidneys?

Answer 29

90-120ml/min

Question 30

What type of blood is the universal blood donor and recipient?

Answer 30

Donor- O-
Recipient- AB+

Question 31

What is inflammation of the the vein called?

Answer 31

Phlebitis