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ABS&C > CARDIO > Flashcards

CARDIO Flashcards

1
Q

What ligament attaches the heart to the sternum?

A

Sternopericardial ligament

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2
Q

What ligament attaches the heart to the diaphragm?

A

Phrenicopericardial ligament

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3
Q

Which layer of the heart contains cardiomyocytes?

A

Myocardium

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4
Q

Which layer of the heart contains the bulk of cardiac muscle?

A

Myocardium

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5
Q

Which layer of the heart contains endothelial cells?

A

Endocardium

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6
Q

Where in the heart is the fossa ovalis located?

A

On the interatrial septum between RA & LA

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7
Q

What ligament joins the aorta & the pulmonary artery?

A

ligamentum ateriosum

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8
Q

What is the function of the coronary sinus?

A

Drain coronary veins into RA

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9
Q

What/where are thebesian veins?

A

open directly into heart chambers

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10
Q

Name 2 sympathetic cardiac hormones and their receptor type

A

Adrenaline & Epinephrine
Receptor: B1-Adrenergic

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11
Q

Name 1 parasympathetic cardiac hormone and its receptor type

A

Acetylcholine
Receptor: Muscarinic

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12
Q

Does the vagus nerve have mostly sympathetic or parasympathetic functions?

A

Parasympathetic

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13
Q

Which two organs are bypassed during fetal circulation?

A

Liver & lungs

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14
Q

What is the name of the fetal duct that bypasses the liver? The lungs?

A

Liver: Ductus venosus
Lungs: Ductus Arteriosus

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15
Q

What are 2 changes that happen to fetal circulation, specifically in the heart, during partuition?

A

More blood in LA
Closure of fossa ovalis

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16
Q

What are the 3 histological linings of blood vessels?

A

Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia

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17
Q

What is a syncytium?

A

Group of cells acting together as a unit

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18
Q

What is 7?

A

A band

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19
Q

What is 8?

A

I band

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20
Q

What is 2/4?

A

Z line

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21
Q

What is 3?

A

H zone

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22
Q

Excitation-contraction coupling releases what molecule for the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

Ca+

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23
Q

Which 2 heart sounds are usually heart in cats & dogs? (S1, S2, S3, S4)

A

S1 & S2

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24
Q

What is the formula for cardiac output?

A

heart rate x stroke volume

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25
Q

Does an increase in preload affect the end-diastolic volume or end-systolic volume?

A

end-diastolic only
(heart pumps harder to get all the blood out)

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26
Q

Which type of blood vessel has the thickest wall (relatively?)

A

arterioles

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27
Q

Which type of blood vessel is the most major resistance to flow?

A

arterioles

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28
Q

Which histological layer of blood vessels contains nerves and lymphatics?

A

Tunica adventitia

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29
Q

What is a feature of conducting arteries that benifits it being closer to the heart?

A

contain lots of elastin
[constant BP despite heart pumping]

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30
Q

What are the two types of arteries?

A

Conducting & muscular

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31
Q

Name all 7 parts to promote vasoconstriction

A

1) noradrenaline
2) PIP3
3) IPS & DAG
4) release of Ca from SR
5) effect on contractile protiens via PKC
6) contraction
7) alpha 1

32
Q

Name all 7 parts to promote arteriodialation

A

1) adrenaline
2) adenyl cyclase
3) ATP
4) cAMP
5) inhibits myosin kinase light chain
6) dialation
7) beta 2

33
Q

What are the three types of capillaries?

A

continuous, fenestrated, sinusoidal

34
Q

What are 3 locations that fenestrated capillaries can be found?

A

renal glomeruli, endocrine organs, intestinal cells

35
Q

What are 2 locations that sinusoidal capillaries can be found?

A

spleen, liver

36
Q

In the venous system, is there an overall slight filtration or absorption?

A

Filtration
[which is drained by lymphs]

37
Q

Which cells guard blood entry into the capillaries?

A

Pericytes

38
Q

What physical aspect of veins prevents backflow?

A

valves formed from tunica intima

39
Q

How does an inhalation affect venous return

A

negative pressure from inhale causes blood to be “sucked” into vena cavae

40
Q

BP=
(formula)

A

CO x R
or
DBP+ 1/3 pulse pressure

41
Q

With a BP of 99/52, what do each of the numbers represent?

A

99= systolic pressure
52= diastolic pressure

42
Q

Is velocity in capillaries high or low?

A

Low

43
Q

Do conducting Arteries have more elastin or more muscle?

A

Elastin
[need to be able to adjust to diastole/systole without collapsing]

44
Q

Why do muscular arteries need lots of muscle [as opposed to elastin]?

A

Need to remain rigid and not occlude during limb movement

45
Q

Due to sinus arrhythmia, is heart rate slower during inhalation or exhalation?

A

Exhalation=slower

46
Q

What is orthostatic hypotension?

A

Delay in baroreceptor response to increase BP AFTER Person stands up. Standing up lowers BP because of lowered blood volume in top half due to gravity.

47
Q

What type of dogs have increased vagal tone?

A

Brachycephalic

48
Q

What is the valsalva manoeuvre?

A

Forced expiration against a closed glottis. Stimulates baroreceptor response

49
Q

What is the Bainbridge reflex?

A

Increased plasma volume -> stimulate pressure receptors on atria and pulmonary veins -> increases heart rate

50
Q

Where are central chemoreceptors located?

A

Ventrolateral surface of medulla

51
Q

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located?

A

Carotid and aortic bodies

52
Q

Describe the Cushing reflex

A

Increased intracranial pressure -> lowered cerebral perfusion -> acidosis -> chemoreceptors activated -> BP increased

53
Q

How can an injured gazelle outrun a lion?

A

Muscle produces H+ and CO2 which overrides alpha1 vasoconstriction receptor

Thromboxane causes vasoconstriction to injured muscle

Arterial blood is diverted to uninsured muscle

54
Q

A BP less than what mmHg would be considered low?

A

90

55
Q

What are two major determinants of oxygen delivery to organs etc?

A

cardiac output & CaO2(arterial oxygen content)

56
Q

What are the four main types of shock?

A

hypovolaemic, distributive, obstructive, cardiogenic

57
Q

Hypovalaemic shock is also known as low ________ shock

A

volume

58
Q

What is septic shock? Which of the 4 main types of shock is it?

A

Sepsis: when BP is dangerously low.
=distributive shock

59
Q

Which of the 4 main types of shock has an arrythmia?

A

cardiogenic

60
Q

Name and briefly describe 2 uncommon types of shock

A

Metabolic: decreased O2 utilisation

hypoxaemic: decreased O2 content in arterial blood

61
Q

During hypovalaemic shock, which two receptors would be activated? Where are they located?

A

alpha1 adrenergic (blood vessels)[afects CO]
&
beta1 adrenergic (myocardium)[affects vascular resistance]

62
Q

What could hyperlactataemia indicate?

A

anaerobic metabolism occurring, O2 extraction is maximized

63
Q

Which phase of shock is first: compensatory or decompensatory?

A

Compensatory

64
Q

What are two non-main compensatory shock mechanisms?
[both to increase BP]

A

RAAS
release of vasopressin/ADH

65
Q

What is the function of the vasopressin V1 receptor? V2?

A

V1: vasoconstriction
V2: increased Na&water reabsorption

66
Q

What is the main compensatory shock mechanism?

A

activation of SNS

67
Q

Which valve is the mitral valve?

A

Left AV valve

68
Q

Label the blue boxes in the Wiggers diagram

A

1- aortic pressure
2- atrial pressure
3- ventricular pressure
4- ventricular volume
5- electrocardiogram
6-phonocardiogram

69
Q

What event happens here (blue circle) in the Wiggers diagram?

A

Ventricular contraction slightly contracts /pushes against the atrium as well

70
Q

What event happens here (blue circle) in the Wiggers diagram?

A

Slight back flow in blood as aortic valve closes

71
Q

What would be a difference between a left side [of the heart] Wiggers diagram and right side Wiggers diagram?

A

Left side atrial and ventricular pressures would be higher

72
Q

What is a tamponade?

A

fluid buildup between heart and pericardial cavity, causing pressure buildup

73
Q

What is SaO2? PaO2?

A

SaO2: saturation of oxygen
PaO2: partial pressure of oxygen

74
Q

What is the difference between hydrostatic and oncotic pressure?

A

hydrostatic: push pressure out of a capillary
oncotic: pressure into a capillary

75
Q
A

ABS&C (15 decks)

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