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Health & Illness 3 > Cardio > Flashcards

Cardio Flashcards

1
Q

Data collection:

What’s up?

A 
W-where is the pain?
H-how does it feel?
A-aggravating and alleviating factors
T-timing
S-severity

U-useful data for associated symptoms
P-Perception by the patient of the problem

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2
Q

Chest x-ray film

A

Definition: anterior – posterior and left lateral views of chest, noninvasive

Significance of abnormal findings: heart enlargement, calcifications, fluid around the heart

Nursing managementColin asked emails if they are pregnant. Remove metal items. Teaching: no discomfort.

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3
Q

Computed tomography scan (CT)

A

Definition: evaluate heart, structures, Noninvasive

Significance of abnormal findings: plaque or calcification indicates atherosclerosis

Nursing management: kidney function checked if contrast is used. If renal insufficiency, Prophylaxis such as N– acetylcysteine (Mucomyst) and IV hydration with 0.45% NaCl hydration or a bicarbonate infusionCan be given to protect kidneys

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4
Q

Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) / angiography (MRA)

A

Definition: provides 3-D image of heart. Contrast given for MRA to visualize arteries. Non-invasive.

Significance of abnormal findings: cardiac abnormalities

Nursing management: ask about implants, non-MRI safe pacemaker, metallic items, and claustrophobia. Give anti-anxiety medication as ordered before MRI. Assess allergies for contrast agent. Teaching: must lie still in cylinder with loud, pounding sounds. Can talk or listen to music.

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5
Q

Electrocardiogram ( ECG)

A

Definition: electrodes on skin carry electrical activity of heart from different views, non-invasive

Significance of abnormal findings: dysrhythmias, enlarged heart chamber size, myocardial ischemia or infarction, electrolyte imbalances

Nursing management: teaching: no discomfort, explain procedure

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6
Q

Holter monitor

A

Definition: recording of ECG for up to 24 hours to match abnormalities with symptoms recorded in patient’s diary. Noninvasive.

Significance of abnormal findings: dysrhythmias, infrequent myocardial ischemia

Nursing management: apply electrodes and leads. Teaching: keep accurate diary; push event button for symptoms, no showers or baths, return visit

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7
Q

Event recorder

A

Definition: Worn longer time periods and can record three cardiac events, non-invasive

Significance of abnormal findings: infrequent cardiac events

Nursing management: Teaching: push event button for symptomatic event, can bathe

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8
Q

Echocardiogram

A

Definition: sound waves bounce off heart to produce heart images and show blood flow, noninvasive

Significance of abnormal findings: heart enlargement, coronary artery disease, valvular abnormalities, thick-ended cardiac walls or septum, pericardial effusion

Nursing management: may be done at bedside, patient lives on the left side. Teaching: no discomfort, gel applied

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9
Q

Transesophageal echocardiogram

A

Definition: probe with transducer on the end inserted into esophagus. Non-invasive.

Significance of abnormal findings: The same as echocardiogram: heart enlargement, coronary artery disease, valvular abnormalities, thick-ended cardiac walls or septum, pericardial effusion

Nursing management: monitor vital signs and oxygen saturation. Check gag reflex before NPO status is discontinued. Suction continuously during procedure. Teaching: NPO six hours before test, sedation and local throat anesthetic given

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10
Q

Exercise stress echocardiogram

A

Definition: evaluates effects of exercise on heart and vascular circulation. Non-invasive.

Significance of abnormal findings: dysrhythmias, ischemia

Nursing management: monitor vital signs and ECG before, during, and after test until stable. Teaching: explain procedure, we’re walking shoes and comfortable clothes

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11
Q

Doppler ultrasound

A

Definition: sound waves bounce off moving blood producing recordings. Not invasive.

Significance of abnormal findings: decreased blood flow in peripheral vascular disease

Nursing management: teaching: explain procedure

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12
Q

CK – MB

A

Definition: Lab test (creatinine kinase myocardial band) heart muscle contains myocardial band isoenzyme. Normal: 0-7 international units/L

Significance of abnormal findings: rises with myocardial infarction in 6 hours and returned to baseline in 72 hours

Nursing management: same as creatinine kinase (CK). Avoid IM injections, and take baseline CK before inserting IVs to avoid elevating CK from muscle cell damage. Serial sampling is done (series).

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13
Q

Cardiac troponin I or T

A

Definition: lab test; cardiac cell protein. Normal: varies by lab; very low level.

Significance of abnormal findings: elevated levels, sensitive indicator of myocardial infarction. Levels elevated up to 7 days.

Nursing management: no special care.

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14
Q

Myoglobin

A

Definition: lab test; protein found in cardiac cells; 99% indicative of myocardial infarction. Normal: 0-85 ng/ml

Significance of abnormal findings; rises in 1 hour after MRI and peaks in 4-12 hours, so must be drawn within.

Nursing management: no special care.

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15
Q

Angiography

A

Definition: invasive; contrast agent injected into vessels to make them visible on x-ray’s. Coronary: coronary arteries be a cardiac catheter. Peripheral: Peripheral arteries or veins.

Significance of abnormal findings: assess vessel patency, injury, or aneurysm.

Nursing management:
Pre-care: informed consent. NPO 4-18 hours before test. Assess for allergies.
teaching: sedative and local anesthesia may be used; burning sensation from die; monitor continuously.
Post care: monitor vital signs, hemorrhage at the injection site, pulses.

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16
Q

Cardiac Catheterization

A

Definition: invasive; cath inserted into heart for data on oxygen saturation and chamber pressures. Contrast may be injected to visualize structures.

Significance of abnormal findings: cardiac disease.

Nursing management:
Pre-care: same as angiography, informed consent, NPO 4-18 hours before test, assess for allergies.
Sensory teaching: table is hard; cool cleansing solution used; sting felt from local anesthetic; hear monitor beeping; feel pressure of catheter insertion; dye is warm, burning feeling; headache; brief chest pain; hear camera; feel table move.
Post care: monitor vital signs, circulation, mobility, sensation, catheter insertion site For hemorrhage/hematoma every 15 minutes for one hour, then every 30- 1 hour. Apply pressure as needed, immobilize extremity for several hours as ordered.

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17
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

The deposition of lipids in the walls of arteries over a period of years. Build up of lipids can narrow artery lumens and stimulate clot formation. Decreased blood flow.

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18
Q

Ischemic

A

Restricted bloodflow

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19
Q

Pulse deficit

A

Apical pulse can be compared with the radial pulse rate to assess the equality. *If there are fewer radial beats than apical beats, a pulse deficit exist and should be reported to the HCP.

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20
Q

Bruit

A

When auscultating an abnormal vessel, a HUMMING is heard that is caused by turbulent bloodflow through the vessel.

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21
Q

Thrill

A

When the normal vessel is palpated, a tapping is felt. *In the abnormal vessel that has a bulging or narrowed wall, a VIBRATION is felt.

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22
Q

Clubbing

A

Clubbing of the nailbeds, occurs from oxygen deficiency over time.
Caused by congenital heart defects, or long-term tobacco use.
The distal end of the fingers and toes swell and appear club like.

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23
Q

Point of maximum impulse

A

In addition to palpating the arteries, the thorax can be palpated at the point of maximum impulse.
The point of maximum impulse is palpated by placing the right hand over the apex of the heart.
If palpable, a thrust is felt when the ventricle contracts. And enlarged heart may shift the point of maximum impulse to the left of the midclavicular line.

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24
Q

Poikilothermy

A

Blood warms the body.

*In the absence of sufficient arterial blood flow, the area becomes the temperature of the environment.

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25
Q

Homan’s sign

A

An assessment for venous thrombosis.
The foot is quickly dorsiflexed with the knee flexed. Calf or knee pain is noted.
This assessment should not be performed it a positive diagnosis of thrombosis has been made.

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26
Q

Murmur

A

Murmurs are caused by a narrowed valve opening or a valve that does not close tightly.
* A murmur is a prolonged SWISHING Sound that ranges in intensity from faint to very loud.

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27
Q

Pericardial friction rub

A

Occurs from inflammation of the pericardium. The intensity of a rub can range from faint to loud, intermittently or continuously, and loud enough to hear without a stethoscope.
* sounds like grating, scratchy, high-pitched, SAND PAPER rubbing together when the pericardial surfaces rub together during a heartbeat.
It is heard best to the left of the sternum using the diagram of the stethoscope

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28
Q

Hemodynamic monitoring

A

Definition: diagnoses and guides treatment with continuous readings compared to normal for Right atrial pressure; pulmonary artery (systolic/diastolic); pulmonary artery(Pressure wedge); cardiac output; SVO2.

Significance of abnormal findings: blood pressure, cardiac and pulmonary pressure abnormalities

Nursing management: informed consent signed. Continuous monitoring. Recording of readings and monitoring of insertion site for signs of infection.

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29
Q

Electrophysiological studies

A

Definition: assesses the heart’s electrical system, with electrodes inserted into the right side of the heart.

Significance of abnormal findings: dysrhythmias

Nursing management: consent obtained. Patient is NPO 6-8 hours before the test.

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30
Q

Hypomagnesemia

A

A low level of magnesium in the blood, can cause cardiac arrhythmias, hypertension, and tachycardia.

Many things can contribute to low magnesium levels, including diuretic therapy, digitalis, some anabiotics, diabetes mellitus, and MI.

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31
Q

Preload

A

Pressure stretching the ventricle of the heart from fluid return to the heart.

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32
Q

Sternotomy

A

Surgical procedure in which a vertical inline incision is made along the sternum, after which the sternum itself is divided or “Cracked”. Used for open-heart surgery.

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33
Q

Dysrhythmias

A

Abnormal, disordered, or disturbed cardiac rhythm.

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34
Q

Claudication

A

Severe pain in the calf muscle from in adequate blood supply.

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35
Q

Cardiac output

A

A measure of the pumping ability of the heart; amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute.

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36
Q

Diastolic blood pressure

A

The amount of pressure exerted on the walls of the arteries when the ventricles are at rest. This is the bottom number in a blood pressure reading.

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37
Q

Essential (Primary) hypertension

A

Chronic elevation of blood pressure resulting from an unknown cause.

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38
Q

Hypertension

A

Abnormally elevated blood pressure.

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39
Q

Hypertensive emergency

A

A systolic blood pressure above 180 mm Hg and a diastolic blood pressure above 120 to 130 mm Hg, and are complicated by risk for or progression of target organ dysfunction (examples include myocardial infarction, heart failure, and dissecting aortic aneurysm).
*Immediate treatment is needed.

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40
Q

Hypertrophy

A

An increase in the size of an organ or structure, or of the body, owing to grow rather than tumor formation.

The severity and duration of the increase in blood pressure determine the extent of the vascular changes causing organ damage. High blood pressure levels can increase the size of the left ventricle.

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41
Q

Peripheral vascular resistance (PVR)

A

The ability of the vessels to stretch.

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42
Q

Viscosity

A

THICKNESS of the blood.

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43
Q

Hypertensive urgency

A

Blood pressure is elevated as in hypertensive emergency but without progression of target organ dysfunction.

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44
Q

Normotensive

A

Normal blood pressure

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45
Q

Plaque

A

A deposit of fatty material on the lining of an artery.

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46
Q

Secondary hypertension

A

High blood pressure that is a symptom of a specific cause, such as a kidney abnormality.

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47
Q

Systolic blood pressure

A

Maximal pressure exerted on the arteries during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. The top number of a blood pressure reading.

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48
Q

Regurgitation or Insufficiency

A

Backflow of blood. Forward blood flow is hindered if the valve is narrowed or stenosed and does not open completely. If the valve does not close completely, blood backs up.

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49
Q

Rheumatic fever

A

Occurs as an autoimmune reaction to an upper respiratory (sore throat) group A beta-hemolytic streptococci infection. 2 to 3 weeks after the streptococcal infection, Rheumatic fever occurs. Can happen at any age typically occurs between ages five and 15. This is a rare complication of strep throat in the United States.

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50
Q

Chorea

A

A nervous system condition marked by involuntary muscular twitching of the limbs or facial muscles. Can be brief, rapid, or uncontrolled movements. May be a sign or symptom of rheumatic heart disease from rheumatic fever.

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51
Q

Valvuloplasty

A

Plastic or restorative surgery on a valve, especially a cardiac valve. A percutaneous balloon is used to dilate the stenosed heart valve, is done in a cardiac catheterization lab.

52
Q

Valvotomy

A

A balloon valvotomy opens a stenosed heart valve by cutting through the valve.

53
Q

Commissurotomy

A

Repairs a stenosed valve. The valve flaps that have adhere to each other and thus closed the opening between them, known as a commissure, are separated to enlarge the valve opening. The patient is placed on cardiopulmonary bypass and an atriotomy (incision into the atrium) is made to expose the valve. The valve cusps are either incised with a knife or broken apart with a dilator, the atrium is sewn closed, CPB or cardiopulmonary bypass is discontinued, and surgery continues. This procedure is most commonly performed on the mitral valve.

54
Q

Annuloplasty

A

Repair or reconstruction of the valve flaps or annulus. It may involve the use of prosthetic rings. The mitral valve is the most common valve repaired in this way. Sutures or a ring may be placed in the valve annulus to improve closure of the leaflets. Similar procedures are used on the Tricuspid valve; however, the aortic valve is not readily repaired in this manner.

55
Q

Infective endocarditis (IE)

A

An infection of the endocardium that mostly occurs in hearts with artificial or damaged valves. Men develop IE more often than women, as do older adults compared with younger.

Cardiac defects result in turbulent bloodflow that erodes the normally infection-resistant endocardium. IE Begins when the invading organisms attaches to the eroded endocardium where platelets and fibrin deposits have formed a vegetative lesion. Then more platelets and fibrin cover the multiplying organism. This covering protects the microbes, reducing the ability to destroy them. Damage to valve leaflets occurs as the vegetation grow. As blood flows through the heart, these vegetations may break off and become emboli.

56
Q

Pericarditis

A

An acute or chronic inflammation of the pericardium (the sac surrounding the heart). The inflammation creates a problem for the heart as it tries to expand and fill. As a result, ventricular filling is reduced, which then decreases cardiac output and blood pressure. Acute pericarditis usually resolves in less than 6 weeks recurrence is possible.
Causes:
Infections: viruses, bacteria, fungi, or Lyme disease;
drug reactions;
connective tissue disorders: systemic lupus erythemtosus, rheumatic fever or rheumatoid arthritis;
Neoplastic disease;
Postpericardiotomy ( after cardiac surgery);
Postmyocardial infarction;
Dressler syndrome (autoimmune response);
Renal disease or uremia;
Trauma from chest injury or invasive thoracic procedures.

There are several forms of chronic pericarditis. Chronic constructive pericarditis is a result of fibrous scarring of the pericardium. The heart becomes surrounded by a thickened, stiff sac that limits the stretching ability of the heart chambers for filling, which may result in HF. Chronic constructive pericarditis results from neoplastic disease and metastasis, radiation, or tuberculosis.

57
Q

Pericardial effusion

A

Buildup of fluid in pericardial space

58
Q

Pericardiocentesis

A

Aspiration of fluid from pericardial sac

59
Q

Pericardiectomy

A

Surgical removal of the entire turf, calcified pericardium. Pericardiectomy relieves construction of the heart and allows normal filling of the ventricles, this is used to treat chronic constrictive pericarditis.

60
Q

Myocarditis

A

Inflammation of the myocardium. The amount of muscle destruction and necrosis that occurs as a result of Myocarditis determine the extent of damage to the heart.
Myocarditis is a rare condition that most commonly developed after a viral infection.

61
Q

Cardiomyopathy

A

A group of diseases that affect the myocardium (heart muscles) structure or function.

There are three types of cardiac structure and function abnormalities in cardiomyopathy: dilated, hypertrophic, and constrictive.

62
Q

Cardiomegaly

A

Enlargement of the heart

63
Q

Thrombophlebitis

A

The formation of a clot, followed by inflammation within the vein. Thrombophlebitis is the most common disorder of veins, with the legs being most often affected. Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is the most serious form of thrombophlebitis because pulmonary emboli can result if the thrombus detaches.

64
Q

Myectomy

A

Surgery to remove part of the ventricular septum to allow greater outflow of blood in a hypertrophied heart muscle.
Used as a treatment option for cardiomyopathy

65
Q

Septal Ablation

A

Used for patients who are not candidates for surgery, alcohol is delivered via a catheter to necrosis and reduce septal heart wall thickness.
Used as a treatment option for cardiomyopathy

66
Q

International normalized ratio (INR)

A

Measures the effectiveness of warfarin therapy using a standardized testing reagent. This means that INR can be used around the world with no variation in result as occurs with prothrombin time (PT) from lab to lab. INR is reported along with the PT.

67
Q

Beta hemolytic streptococci

A

Gram-positive bacteria that, when grown on blood agar plates, completely hemolyze the blood and produce a clear zone around the bacteria colony. Group a beta hemolytic streptococci cause disease in humans

68
Q

Cardiac Tamponade

A

The life-threatening compression of the heart by the fluid accumulating in the pericardial sac surrounding the heart.

69
Q

Dressler’s syndrome

A

Post myocardial infarction syndrome; pericarditis

70
Q

Petechiae

A

Small, purpleish, hemorrhagic spots on the skin that appear in certain illnesses and bleeding disorders.

71
Q

Stenosis

A

The constriction or narrowing of a passage or orifice, such as a cardiac valve.

72
Q

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS)

A

Term used to encompass the continuum of CAD such as unstable angina pectoris and MI.

Acute coronary syndrome is caused by a sequence of inflammatory processes mediated by activated macrophages, plaque rupture, tissue factor expressions and platelet activation leading to thrombus formation and coronary vessel occlusion.

73
Q

Anastomosed

A

Joined

74
Q

Aneurysm

A

A bulging, ballooning, or dilation at a weakened point of an artery.

The artery diameter is often increased by 50%.

The cause is unknown but anything that weekend the artery wall or causes loss of elasticity in the artery can cause an aneurysm.

Atherosclerosis, hypertension, smoking, trauma, and congenital abnormalities are respecters for an aneurysm. Heredity may also contribute.

75
Q

Angina Pectoris

A

Chest pain

Angina can be classified as stable (less serious) or unstable.

Stable angina-chest pain that occurs with moderate exertion in a pattern that is familiar to the patient. The pain is predictable and can usually be managed with nitroglycerin and rest. The pain is stable angina usually subside when the activity is stopped.

Variant or vasospastic angina (Prinzmetal’s angina)-caused by coronary artery spasms and is serious. The pattern of occurrence is often cyclical, with the pain presenting about the same time each day. The pain has a longer duration than stable angina, can occur with exercise or at rest, and often occurs at night.

76
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

Term applied to a number of pathological condition in which there is gradual thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.

77
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

A form of arteriolosclerosis characterized by accumulation of plaque, blood, and blood products lining the wall of the artery, causing partial or complete blockage of an artery.

78
Q

Collateral circulation

A

Small branches off larger blood vessels that will increase in size and capacity next to a main blood vessel that is obstructed.

Bodies compensatory mechanism to reroute blood.

79
Q

Coronary artery disease

A

Narrowing of the coronary arteries sufficient to prevent adequate blood supply to the myocardium

80
Q

Endarterectomy

A

Excision of thickened atheromatous (joined) areas of the inner most coat of an artery.

81
Q

Embolism

A

Foreign substance or blood clot that travels through the circulatory system until it obstructs a vessel.

82
Q

High density lipoprotein

A

Plasma lipids found two albumin consisting of Lipo proteins. It has been found that those with high levels of HDL have less chance of having coronary artery disease. Good cholesterol.

83
Q

Hyperlipidemia

A

Excessive quantity of fat in the blood.

84
Q

Intermittent claudication

A

A symptom associated with arterial occlusive disease. It refers to pain in the calf of a lower extremity, usually brought on by activity or exercise, and ceases with rest.

The muscle is not receiving the supply of oxygen it’s demanding thus creating pain.

85
Q

Low density lipoprotein’s

A

A lipoprotein that transports cholesterol and triglycerides from the liver to peripheral tissues. LDL allows fats and cholesterol to move within the water-based solution of the blood. Increased LDL cholesterol is associated with cardiovascular disease, so it is often referred to as “bad cholesterol”.

86
Q

Lymphangitis

A

Inflammation of lymphatic channels or vessels.

87
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

Death of cells of an area of the heart muscle, myocardium, as a result of oxygen deprivation, which in turn caused by obstruction of the blood supply. Commonly referred to as a heart attack.

88
Q

Peripheral arterial disease

A

Disease of the peripheral arteries that interferes with adequate flow of blood.

89
Q

Plaque

A

A deposit of fatty material on the lining of an artery.

90
Q

Raynaud’s disease

A

A primary or idiopathic vasospastic disorder characterized by bilateral and symmetrical pallor and cyanosis of the fingers.

91
Q

Thrombosis

A

Formation, development, or presence of a thrombus, and aggregation of blood factors.

92
Q

Varicose veins

A

Swollen, distended, and Knotted veins, usually in the subcutaneous tissue of the leg.

93
Q

Venous stasis ulcers

A

Poorly healing ulcers that result from an inadequate venous drainage.

94
Q

Ablation

A

Removal of part, pathway, or function by surgery, chemical electrocautery, or radio frequency.

Ablation may be used to cure atrial fibrillation, most afib impulses arise from pulmonary veins.

95
Q

Atrial depolarization

A

Electrical activation of the atria

96
Q

Atrial Systole

A

The contraction of the atria

97
Q

Atrioventricular node

A

Located in the lower right atrium; receives an impulse from the Sinoatrial (SA) node and relays it to the ventricles.

98
Q

Bigeminy

A

Occurring every second beat, as in bigeminal premature ventricular contractions.

99
Q

Bradycardia

A

A slow heartbeat characterized by a pulse rate below 60 bpm.

100
Q

Bundle of his

A

A bundle of fibers of the impulse-conducting system of the heart. Originates in the atrioventricular ( AV) node.

101
Q

Cardioversion

A

An elective procedure in which a synchronized shock is delivered to attempt to restore the heart to a normal sinus rhythm.

102
Q

Defibrillation

A

Use of an electrical device that applies counter shock to the heart through electrodes placed on the chest wall to stop fibrillation of the heart.

103
Q

Dysrhythmia

A

Abnormal, this ordered, or disturbed cardiac rhythm

104
Q

Electrocardiogram

A

A recording of the electrical activity of the heart.

105
Q

Fluoroscopy

A

A screen that shows an image similar to a radiograph. This is used during permanent pacemaker implantation.

106
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

And excessive amount of potassium in the blood

107
Q

Hypomagnesemia

A

Reduced amount of magnesium in the blood

108
Q

Isoelectric line

A

The period when the electrical tracing is at zero and is neither positive nor negative. Baseline.

109
Q

Multifocal

A

Many foci (areas) or sites

110
Q

Sinoatrial node (SA)

A

Node at the junction of the superior vena cava and the right atrium, regarded as a starting point of the heartbeat

111
Q

Trigeminy

A

Occurring every third beat, as in trigeminal premature ventricular contractions

112
Q

Unifocal

A

Coming or originating from one site or focus

113
Q

Ventricular diastole

A

The period of relaxation of the two ventricles

114
Q

Ventricular repolarization

A

Reestablishment of the polarized state of the muscle after contraction

115
Q

Ventricular systole

A

The contraction of the two ventricles

116
Q

Ventricular tachycardia

A

A series of at least three beats arising from a Ventricular Focus at a rate greater than 100 bpm

117
Q

Afterload

A

The forces impeding the blood flow out of the heart (vascular pressure, aortic compliance, blood mass, and viscosity).

118
Q

Cor pulmonale

A

Hypertrophy or failure of the right ventricle from disorders of the chest wall, lungs, and pulmonary vessels, as with increased pulmonary pressure caused by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

119
Q

Cyanosis

A

Slightly bluish, grayish, or dark purple discoloration of the skin caused by the presence of abnormal amounts of reduced hemoglobin (oxygenated rbc) in the blood.

120
Q

Hepatomegaly

A

Enlargement of the liver

121
Q

Orthopnea

A

Labored breathing that occurs when lying flat; relieve when sitting up; associated with left ventricular heart failure. Lungs fill with blood

122
Q

Paroxysmal Nocturnal dyspnea

A

Sudden attacks of shortness of breath that usually occur during sleep. Person wakes gasping for breath and sets up to relieve symptoms; associated with left ventricular heart failure.

123
Q

Peripheral vascular resistance (PVR)

A

Opposition to blood flow through the vessels

124
Q

Preload

A

End-diastolic stretch of cardiac muscle fibers; equals end-diastolic volume

125
Q

Pulmonary edema

A

Acute heart failure in which there is severe fluid congestion in the alveoli of the lungs; life-threatening

126
Q

Splenomegaly

A

Enlargement of the spleen

Health & Illness 3 (1 decks)

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