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Cardiology > Cardiology > Flashcards

Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

How many circulation systems?

A

Systemic and pulmonary circulation

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2
Q

How many functional parts?

A

2 - the conducting parts and the exchange parts

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3
Q

Right atrium valve

A

Tricuspid vale

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4
Q

Left atrium valve

A

Bicuspid valve (mitral valve)

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5
Q

What muscle is in the right atrium?

A

The pectinate muscle

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6
Q

What is the crista terminalis

A

the boundary between rough and smooth muscle in the right atrium! Shows where the heart was derived from different embryological origins

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7
Q

Fossa ovalis

A

Shallow depression in the wall of the interatrial septum - marks the hoel where the foramen ovale used to be to allow blood to bypass pulmonary circulation

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8
Q

What attaches the cusps of the valves to papillary muscles?

A

Chordae tenidnae! - Papillary muscles contact to keep the tendon taught to prevent the valves opening into the atrium

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9
Q

Trabeculae carnae

A

Elevations on the wall of the ventricles to prevent blood sticking

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10
Q

Moderator Band

A

Runs from the base of the anterior papillary muscle to the inter ventricular septum to transmit Purkinje fibres to allow the fast flow of impulses!

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11
Q

Aorta and its parts

A

3 Parts
Ascending - here the coronary arteries come off
Arch - SCS (Brachiocephalic then the Left Common Carotid and the left subclavian)
Descnding - goes to trunks and lower limbs
Arch of the aorta at level T4

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12
Q

Do the subclavian arteries pass posterior or anterior to the clavicle?

A

Posterior in a small groove

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13
Q

Right coronary artery

A

Suplies AVN and SAN

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14
Q

Right marginal artery

A

Supplies most of RV

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15
Q

Anterior interventricular

A

Supplies ventricle and septum

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16
Q

What are coronary arteries?

A

Functional end arteries - this means there is little overlap in their territories of distribution. Hence blockage can lead to ischaemia and myocardial infarction!

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17
Q

What level does the aorta split at?

A

L4

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18
Q

Divisions of subclavian artery

A

Goes from subclavian artery to axillary artery to the brachial artery. Arteries lie in the flexor compartment of the limb which is protected!

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19
Q

What does the internal thoracic artery split into?

A

Superior epigastric and musculophrenic artery!

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20
Q

Varicose Veins

A

When there is increased pressure causing the veins to become distorted and blood flows in two ways!

21
Q

Deep veins

A

usually dup or triplicated and surround corresponding arteries! Use arterial contraction to aid venous return!

22
Q

Where does the thoracic duct empty?

A

Empties into the junction of the left subclavian and left internal jugular veins. Whole body except the upper right quadrant empties into the thoracic duct.

23
Q

By what factor can cardiac pump performance increase

A

A factor of 10

24
Q

Electrical conduction of the heart

A

AP generated by SA node, conducted to atrial muscle and AV node by internodal pathways
AV node transmits AP more slowly –> creates 100ms delay! Then impulse spreads down ventricles along Bundle of His. AV bundle splits into L & R bundles. Left bundle splits further into anterior and posterior!
Impulse spreads through contractile fibres to cause the heart to contract from apex upwards!

25
Q

Gap Junctions

A

In intercalated discs- allow the functional syncytium so the heart functions electrically as one!

26
Q

Heart Beat Phases

A 
0 - Na+ channels open
1 - Na+ channels close
2 - Ca channels open, fast K+ close
3 - Ca channels close, slow K+ open
4- Resting potential

At the end of the action potential Ca out of cell for Na in, and Na/K pump pumps Na out and K into the cell!

27
Q

SAN & AVN depolarisation

A

If channels cause a slow exchange of Na & K causing a slow depolarisation
But then depolarisation occurs due to calcium not sodium!
sleep, emotions and exercise.

28
Q

What is the refractory period?

A

200-300ms where no titanic contraction can occur
ARP - no contraction occur
RRP - contraction can occur but of a smaller size

29
Q

Electrocardiogram

A

Depolarisation which moves towards the electrode has a +ve deflection, moving away has a -ve deflection!
12 lead ECG - 6 to chest ‘Vrichows leads’
4 to limbs!

30
Q

What is the T on an ECG

A

Ventricular repolarisation

31
Q

What is P on an ECG

A

Atrial depolarisation

32
Q

What is the PQ interval

A

It is the internodal delay

33
Q

Why do you get tachycardia in inspiraion

A

high heart rate during inspiration to preserve cardiac output as LV stroke volume falls due to reduced filling as the pulmonary vascular bed expands during inspiration

34
Q

Complete Heart Block

A

1st degree - takes longer for AVN to let the impulse through

2nd degree - heart drops beats totally!

35
Q

Pressure =

A

Flow x Resistance!

36
Q

How does the heart contract

A

When the heart contracts muscle fibres contract in a spiral way so it twists

37
Q

heart beat sounds

A

Lub - atrioventricular valves closing

Dub - aortic/pulmonary valves

38
Q

Phases of heart contraction

A

Diastolic Filling - at first the ventricles fills passively, then the atrium contact forcing blood into the ventricles (ACTIVE)

Isovolumic Contraction - valves shut, ventricles contract but blood can’t leave as pulmonary/aortic valves closed

Systolic ejection - LV pressure exceeds that in the pulmonary and aortic valves - blood leaves

Isovolumic Relaxation - heart diastole, heart stays the same size and valves are shut!

39
Q

Power

A

Pressure x flow rate

40
Q

Cardiac output

A

At rest - 5L/mmin

Exercise - 20/Lmin

41
Q

Stoke volume

A

Volume ejected by the heart in 1 beat

EDV - ESV = stroke volume

42
Q

LV Ejection fraction

A

SV/EDV

65 = normal, less than 45 is heart failure!

43
Q

Atrial fibrillation removes how much of the cardiac reserve

A

Removes 10%, hence we only have 13L of reserve volume.
As it removes the active phase of blood entering the ventricles
Often become much more breathless during exercise

44
Q

Ventricular fibrillation

A

Lose all heart output - no flow means death

45
Q

What is the hearts main energy source

A

Burns more fat than any other energy source

46
Q

What is blood pressure

A

The force exerted per unit area of blood, usually expressed as mmHg

47
Q

Aortic stenosis

A

Narrowing of the aortic valve!
higher bp in the LV but aorta pressure stays the same
LV hypertrophy occurs as a result!
Severity of stenosis is determined by the amount of extra pressure needed!
LV BP - 170, Aortic BP - 120

48
Q

Blood pressures in the right side of the heart

A

The right side of the heart is a much lower pressure system!

Cardiology (3 decks)

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