Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical lists GI > Cardiology > Flashcards

Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

Causes of loud S1

A
  • Tachycardia
  • AF
  • Atrial premature beat
  • MS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Soft S1

A
  • LBBB
  • First degree AV block
  • MR

MS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Loud A2

A

Hypertension Congenital AS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Soft A2

A

AS due to calcification

AR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Loud P2

A

PH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Pansystolic murmur

A

MR TR VSD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Ejection (mid) systolic murmur

A

AS PS HOCM Pulmonary flow murmur of ASD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Early diastolic murmur

A

AR PR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Mid diastolic or presystolic murmur

A

MS TS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

MR causes?

A

Degenerative valves RHD (rarely only murmur present)

IE

Papillary muscle dysfunction from ischaemia, CT disease,

LV dilatation causing function regurg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

MR signs of severity ?

A
  1. Small volume pulse - late 2 Soft S1 3. S3 - Loud 4. Wide split S2 5. Enlarged LV - displaced apex beat 6. Early diastolic rumble 7. Pulmonary Hypertension 8. Signs of LVF
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Causes of AS?

A

Congenital Bicuspid valve Degenerative RHD rare in isolation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

AS signs of severity ?

A
  1. Plateau Pulse 2. Aortic Thrill 3. Length of murmur 4. Harshness and lateness of peak 5. S4 6. Paradoxical splitting of S2 7. LVF - late
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Causes of AR?

A

RHD Marfan’s syndrome Aortitis Ankylosing spondylitis Dissecting aneurysm Degeneration Bicuspid aortic valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

AR severity

A
  • Collapsing pulse
  • Wide pulse pressure
  • Length of decrescendo diastolic murmur
  • LV
  • S3
  • Soft A2
  • Austin flint murmur
  • Left ventricular failure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Causes of TR

A

RV failure

RHD - rarely in isolation

IE - especially IVDU

RV papillary muscle infarction

Trauma (steering wheel)

Ebstein’s anomaly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Signs of TR

A

Peripheral oedema

Ascites

V wave

Elevated JVP

Pulsatile, tender liver

Audible S1 Pansystolic murmur, maximal at the lower end of the sternum that increases in inspiration.

signs pf PH as cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Signs of HOCM

A

Sharp rising, jerky pulse Prominent A wave Double tripple apex beat Late systolic ejection murmur S4 Louder with valsalva, standing and isotonic contracions softer with squatting, raising legs and isometric contractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cardiac causes of clubbing ?

A

Cyanotic heart disease Infective endocarditis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Causes of pressure loaded apex?

A

AS Hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Causes of volume loaded apex?

A

MR Dilated Cardiomyopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Mechanisms of dynamic maneuvers with HOCM - Valsalva?

A

Valsalva -> decrease in preload, decrease intra-verticular blood volume, increase obstruction, louder murmur.

23
Q

Mechanisms of dynamic maneuvers with HOCM - Squatting or leg raise?

A

Increase in preload -> increase in intra-cardiac blood volume and decrease in obstruction -> softer murmur

24
Q

Mechanisms of dynamic maneuvers with HOCM - hand grip?

A

Increase in after-load -> increase intra-cardiac volume -> decrease obstruction -> softer murmur

25
Q

Causes of acyanotic congenital heart disease with left to right shunt?

A

ASD VSD PDA

26
Q

Causes of cyanotic congenital heart disease (6)?

A
  • Eisenmenger - When any of the Acyanotic heart diseases reverse the left to right shunt
  • Tetralogy of Fallot
  • Tricuspid valve - Ebstein’s anomaly if ASD and right to left shunt is present
  • Truncus arteriosus
  • Transposition of the great vessels
  • Tricuspid atresia
  • Total anomalous pulmonary drainage
27
Q

Defect in non repaired tetralogy of fallot?

A
  1. VSD
  2. Pulmonary stenosis causing - Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction
  3. Overiding aorta - responsible for cyanosis ( how well the aorta attaches to the right ventricle)
  4. Right ventricular hypertrophy - due to outflow tract obstruction
28
Q

Findings in repaired tetralogy of fallot?

A

Midline stenrotomy scar

Diastolic murmur of pulmonary regurgitation

RV failure - heave

Later you get TR

29
Q

Eisenmenger’s Syndrome signs?

A

Pulmonary hypertension from Right to left shunt

  • central cyanosis
  • Clubbing
  • Evidence of polycythemia
  • Signs of PHT
30
Q

Signs of PDA?

A

Persistent embryonic vessel connecting pulmonary artery to the aorta

  • Wide pulse pressure - low diastolic pressure
  • Collapsing pulse with sharp upstroke
  • Displaced apex beat - hyperkinetic
  • S3
  • 2nd left sternal edge thrill
  • Continuous machinery murmur under left clavicle
  • May be complicated by Eisenmenger
31
Q

Differentials for continuous mumur?

A

Single

  • ASD
  • Pulmonary/Coronary AV fistula
  • rupture sinus of valsalva

Dual pathology

  • VSD + AR
  • MR + AR
32
Q

Signs of VSD?

A

Harsh mumur

Thrill

Displaced apex beat

if moderate - apical diastoic murmur, S3

If Eidenmengers - ? no murmur, cyanosis, clubbing, PHTN

May develop AR

33
Q

Signs of ASD?

A

RV enlargement

Fixed split S2

no murmur - can causes a low pitched diastolic tricuspid flow murmur, or pulomonary systolic ejection murmur

34
Q

Signs of Ebstein’s anomaly?

A

Downward displacement of the tricuspid valve

  • Commonly associated with ASD
  • Usually TR
35
Q

Signs of coarctation of the aorta?

A

? turner’s syndrome

Radiofemoral delay

Weak femoral pulses

Hypertension

Midsystolic murmur heard over the praecordium and back

36
Q

General inspection in cardiac exam?

A

Syndromes - Turner’s, downs, marfans

Rheum - Ankylosing spondylitis

Dyspnoea

Cyanosis

37
Q

Mitral valve prolapse signs?

A

Mid systolic clikc the middle to late systolic murmur

Gets louder and earlier with Valsalva

38
Q

Heart associations with Marfans?

A

Aortic regurgitation, mitral valve prolapse, coarctation, dissection

39
Q

MS signs of severity ?

A

Small pulse pressure

Diastolic thrill

Soft first heart sound

Early opening snap

Length of murmur

Pulmonary hypertension

40
Q

MS indications for surgery ?

A

Exertional dyspnoea

Falling valve area

Valve area under 1 cm

41
Q

MS/MR ECG?

A

AF

P mitrale

RAD

RBBB

42
Q

MS CXR?

A

Valve calcification

Enlarged LA

SIgns PH - large pulmonary arteries

43
Q

MR CRX?

A

Large LA

Increase LV size

signs of PH - RV enlargement, prominent central pulmonary arteries, pruning of peripheral pulmonary arteries

44
Q

Indications for MR surgery ?

A

Dyspnoea

LV dysfunction

Progressive increase in LV dimensions

45
Q

ECG AS?

A

LVH

46
Q

Silent chest?

A

ASD

PDA

MS

Miral valve prolapse

PH

Constrictive pericarditis

47
Q

CXR AS?

A

LVH

Valve calcification

48
Q

AS echo

A

Severe valve area < 1 cm

Jet velocity > 4 m/s

Valve gradient > 40

49
Q

Indications for surgery AS?

A

Symptoms - exertional angina, dyspnoea or syncope

Severe LVH

Critical stenosos via echo criteria

50
Q

AR ECG?

A

LVH

51
Q

AR CXR?

A

LV dilatation

Aortic root dilatation

Valve calcification

52
Q

AR indications for surgery?

A

Symptoms - exertional dyspnoea

Worsening LV function

Progressive LV dilatation, End sytolic dimensions > 5.5 cm

53
Q

Eponymous sign of AR ?

A
  • Quinke - pulsating nail beds
  • Muller’s sign - pulsating uluva
  • Corrigan - large volume collapsing pulse of carotids
  • De Musset - bobbing in time with heart beat
  • Rosenbach - pulsatile liver
  • Gerhadt’s - pulsatile spleen

Clinical lists GI (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions