Cardiology

Question 1

Most efficient extractor of oxygen from the blood

Answer 1

Heart

Question 2

Intercellular junctions responsible for the cardiac syncytium

Answer 2

Gap Junctions

Question 3

Substance that dilates upstream blood vessels

Answer 3

Endothelium-Derived Relaxing Factor (EDRF) aka Nitric Oxide (NO)

Question 4

Most potent vasoconstrictor

Answer 4

ADH (can increase levels of Endothelin-1)

Question 5

An increase in venous return will increase the heart rate

Answer 5

Bainbridge Reflex

Question 6

An increase in venous return will increase the stroke volume, Basis stretching of cardiac sarcomeres will increase contraction

Answer 6

Frank-Starling Mechanism

Question 7

Hypertension, irreguar respiration and bradycardia due to activation of the CNS ischemc response and baroreceptor reflex in increased intracranial pressure

Answer 7

Cushing Reflex

Question 8

Formua for Blood Pressure (BP) based on Ohm’s Law

Answer 8

Blood Pressure = Cardiac Output x Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR) = (Heart Rate x Stroke Volume) x TPR TPR is synonymous with Systemic Vascular Resistance and increases when arterioles vasoconstricted

Question 9

Norma pressure at various part of the adult circulation

Answer 9

Large arteries: <120/80mmHg, Systemic Cappillaries 17mmHg, Vene Cava: 0 mmHg, Pulmonary Artery: 25/8mmHg, Pulmonary capillaries: 7 mmHg

Question 10

Abdominojugular Reflux

Answer 10

At least 10 second pressure over the upper abdomen (RUQ). Positive response: sustained rise of 3 cm in JVP for at least 10-15 seconds after release of the hands

Question 11

Carvallo’s sign

Answer 11

Pansystolic murmur of tricuspid regurgitation. Louder during inspiration and diminishes during forced expiration

Question 12

Graham Steell Murmur

Answer 12

High-pitched, diatolic, decrescendo blowing murmur along the left sternal border due to dilation of the pulmonary valve ring; occurs in mitral valve disease and severe pulmonary hypertension

Question 13

Gallavardin Effect

Answer 13

Condition where the murmur of aortic stenosis may be transmitted downward and to the apex and may be confused with the systolic murmur of mitral regurgitation

Question 14

Broadbent’s Sign

Answer 14

Apical pulse is reduced and may Retract insystole in constrictive pericarditis

Question 15

Corrigan’s Pulse

Answer 15

A rapidly rising “water-hammer” pulse that collapses suddenly as arterial pressure falls rapidly during late systole and diastole, seen in aortic regurgitation

Question 16

Quincke’s Puse

Answer 16

Cappillary pulsations manifest as alternate flushing and paling of the skin while pressure is applied to the tip of the nail, seen in aortic regurgitation

Question 17

Traube’s Sign

Answer 17

A booming “pistol-shot” sound heard over the femoral arteries, seen in aortic regurgitation

Question 18

Duroziez Sign

Answer 18

To-and-fro murmur audible if the femoral artery is lightly compressed with a stethoscope, seen in aortic regurgitation

Question 19

Major noninvasive marker of increased CV morbidity / mortality risk

Answer 19

Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH)

Question 20

cornerstone in the diagnosis if acute and chronic ischemic heart disease

Answer 20

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Question 21

ideal imaging modlity for cardiac emegencies

Answer 21

2D echocardiography

Question 22

gold standard for imaging valve morphology and motion, detection of pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade, and assessment of LV cavity size, systolic function, and wall thickness

Answer 22

2D echocardiography

Question 23

Gold standard for assessing LV mass & volumes

Answer 23

MRI

Question 24

Imaging modalities of choice for the evaluation of suspected aortic aneurysm or aortic dissection, and in distinguishing between restrictive cardiomyopathy & constrictive pericarditites

Answer 24

CT scan and MRI

Question 25

Gold standard in assessng the anatomy & physiology of the heart & associated vasculature

Answer 25

Cardia catheterization and coronary angiography