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BM4 Part 1 > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

Virchow’s Triad

A

Stasis
Hypercoagulability
Endothelial injury

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2
Q

Circle of Willis

A

Anastamoses between vertebral and internal carotid arteries, important in preserving blood flow to the brain (dual supply)

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3
Q

What is the largest branch of the brachial artery?

A

Profunda brachii - supplies the posterior compartment of the arm

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4
Q

What vein is commonly used for venepuncture?

A

Medial cubital vein

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5
Q

Where are baroreceptors found?

A

Carotid sinuses and aortic arch.

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6
Q

What is a typical ejection fraction?

A

50-55%

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7
Q

Which part of the heart conduction transmits signal the fastest?

A

Purkinje fibres.

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8
Q

What are the events of the cardiac cycle?

A

Ventricular filling
Atrial contraction
Isovolumetric ventricular contraction
Ventricular ejection
Isovolumetric relaxation

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9
Q

Primary pacemaker

A

Sinoatrial node (~100 bpm)

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10
Q

Secondary pacemaker

A

Atrioventricular node (~50 bpm)

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11
Q

Tertiary pacemaker

A

Conduction system (~30-40 bpm)

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12
Q

Intercalated discs

A

Contain gap junctions
Allow rapid communication and coordinated contraction of the heart

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13
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

-70-80 mV

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14
Q

P wave

A

Atrial depolarisation

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15
Q

QRS complex

A

Ventricular depolarisation

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16
Q

T wave

A

Ventricular repolarisation

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17
Q

R-R Interval

A

Heart Rate

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18
Q

P-R Interval

A

AV conduction time

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19
Q

QRS Interval

A

Ventricular depolarisation time

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20
Q

Q-T Interval

A

Ventricular de- and repolarisation time

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21
Q

Cardiac Output

A

Stroke Volume * Heart Rate
Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute

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22
Q

Stroke Volume

A

End diastolic volume - end systolic volume

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23
Q

Which nerve carries parasympathetic impulse to the heart?

A

Vagus nerve

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24
Q

Pre-load

A

Resting length of cardiac myocytes (end-diastole)

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25
Q

Contractility

A

The force with which the heart contracts, independent of pre-load and after-load

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26
Q

Afterload

A

The ‘load’ against which the heart contracts (in systole) - resistance

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27
Q

What increases contractility?

A

Increased intracellular Ca2+
Sensitivity to Ca2+

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28
Q

Fossa Ovalis

A

Depression in the interatrial septum
Remnant of the foramen ovale during embryological development

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29
Q

Crista Terminalis

A

Muscular ridge that runs between openings of SVC and IVC internally and separates smooth and rough parts.
Marked externally by the sulcus terminalis.

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30
Q

Sinus Venarum

A

Remnant of the sinus venosus.
Smooth posterior part of the right atrium.

31
Q

Trabeculae Carne

A

‘Meaty Ridges’
Muscular ridges of the rough parts of the ventricles

32
Q

Papillary Muscle

A

Attach to the mitral/tricuspid valve cusps via chordae tendinae to prevent atrioventricular valve inversion.

33
Q

Pericardium Layers

A

Fibrous pericardium
Parietal serous pericardium
Visceral serous pericardium (epicardium)

34
Q

What is the fibrous pericardium fused with?

A

Tunica adventitia of the roots of the great vessels
Posterior surface of the sternum
Central tendon of the diaphragm

35
Q

Origin of the cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerve.

A

T1-T5 and cervical and superior thoracic ganglia of the sympathetic chain.

36
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart?

A

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

37
Q

Histology of fibrous pericardium

A

Dense, irregular connective tissue

38
Q

Histology of serous pericardium

A

Simple squamous epithelial cells called mesothelium and connective tissue

39
Q

Cardiac Skeleton

A

Framework of dense collagen fibres
Electrically isolate the atria and ventricles
Give structure to the heart

40
Q

Where is the SAN located?

A

The wall of the right atria at the opening of the SVC, in the superior portion of the crista terminalis.

41
Q

Where is the AVN located?

A

Within the interatrial septum, just superior and medial to the coronary sinus opening.

42
Q

Atheroma

A

An accumulation in arterial walls, composed of cells (mainly macrophages) and cell debris, containing lipids (cholesterol and fatty acids), calcium and a variable amounts of connective tissue

43
Q

What are the possible fates of a thrombus?

A

Dissolution
Propagation
Embolism
Organisation

44
Q

Main risk factors of atherosclerosis

A

Hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, DM and smoking

45
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

An inflammatory process with associated fibrosis and lipid deposition

46
Q

Initiation of plaque

A

Injured endothelium causing platelets and monocytes to adhere.
Monocytes mature to macrophages once inside the tissue.
Together with endothelial cells initiate inflammatory response.

47
Q

Foam Cells

A

Macrophages that have taken up lipid within a plaque

48
Q

LDL role in plaque development

A

LDL moves into tissue at site of lesion and is oxidised to oxidised LDL which is cytotoxic

49
Q

Fibrous cap

A

Smooth muscle cells, collagen, elastin and proteoglycans

50
Q

High Density Lipoproteins

A

Involved in the transport of cholesterol from peripheral tissue to the liver.

51
Q

Posterior Infarct Artery

A

Right Coronary Artery

52
Q

Anterior Infarct Artery

A

Left Anterior Descending

53
Q

Lateral (LV) Infarct Artery

A

Left Circumflex Artery

54
Q

Irregularly irregular rhythm and missing P waves

A

Atrial Fibrillation

55
Q

Sawtooth pattern (1:2, 1:3, 1:4)

A

Atrial Flutter

56
Q

Normal PR interval

A

120-200 ms (3-5 small squares)

57
Q

First Degree Heart Block

A

PR Interval > 200 ms

58
Q

Wenckebach/Mobitz Type 1

A

Increasing PR intervals followed by dropped QRS

59
Q

Mobitz Type 2

A

Some dropped QRS complexes, with constant PR interval

60
Q

Third Degree Heart Block

A

No relationship between P waves and QRS complexes
Complete heart block

61
Q

Normal Q wave amplitude

A

2-3 small squares deep

62
Q

Pathological Q wave

A

Indication of previous MI

63
Q

Poor R wave progression

A

Can indicate a previous MI
Can also be seen in bigger patients

64
Q

ST Elevation

A

Acute full thickness MI (STEMI)

65
Q

ST Depression

A

In 2+ leads, usually indicates myocardial ischaemia (e.g. angina)

66
Q

Tall Tented T Waves

A

High potassium levels (prelude to an arrest)
Hyperacute MI

67
Q

Inverted T Waves

A

Ischaemia
BBB
PE
LV Hypertrophy (lateral leads)
HOCM

68
Q

HOCM

A

Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy
Thickening of the interventricular septum

69
Q

Ulcer

A

Full thickness loss of an epithelial surface

70
Q

Normal ABPI Range

A

0.8 - 1.3

71
Q

Bruit

A

An audible, vascular sound associated with turbulent blood flow

72
Q

CV Thrill

A

Vibratory sensations felt on the skin overlying the heart, indicating turbulent blood flow

73
Q
A

BM4 Part 1 (11 decks)

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