Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

Atria

A

thin walled, upper compartments of the heart. Blood flows first into here. Right atrium - blood from the body, left atrium - blood from the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Pectinate Muscle

A

Branching interlacing bands on the inner wall of the atria, strengthen areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Auricles

A

Blind ending sacs off the atria, small luminal volume, function is largely unknown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Vena Cavae

A

CdVC: enters in the RA dorsocaudally, delivers blood from the thorax and abdomen
CrVC: enters in the RA dorsacranially, delivers blood from the head and neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Azygous Vein

A

single vein that either enters into CdVc or with the CrVC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Coronary Sinus

A

The collection of several veins before they enter the right atrium, this helps to prevent backflow and reduces turbulence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Terminal Crest

A

semilunar muscular ridge, thickens the ventral opening of the CrVC opening and defines the right auricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Pulmonary Veins

A

These drain directly into the left atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Sinus Venarum

A

Smooth walled main blood reservoir, remnant of the sinus venosus in foetal heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Intervenous Tubercle

A

Distinctive muscular ridge that drops ventrally to divide the convergence of the two vena cavae, functions to direct blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Ventricles

A

thick walls, are proportional to the pressure at which each side functions (LV>RV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Chordae Tendinae

A

the tendons of the AV valves, connect valve flaps to papillary muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Papillary muscles

A

sets of small luminal projections of the myocardium, act as anchors for the chordae tendinae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Trabeculae Carnae

A

multiple myocardial ridges that give the inner wall towards the apex a ‘spongy’ look

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Trabecula Septomarginalis

A

thin muscle bundle in the RV, transverses the ventricle from interventricular septum to outer wall, the “moderator” band, and an electrical shortcut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Coronary groove

A

Transverse groove running on the outside of the heart between atria and ventricles, location of nerves and vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Paraconal Groove

A

descending groove that originates from under the Left aurical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Subsinusal Groove

A

Descending groove that originates from under the CdCV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Conus Arteriosus

A

funnels blood to the pulmonary artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Fibrous Structure

A

Rings around the four valves plus fibrous trigone: area of thickening that becomes the os cordis in large animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

AV versus Arterial Valves

A

AV: irregular, serrated, flap closed to prevent blood reflux
Arterial: semi-lunar cusps, luminal border contains an centrally thicken nodule (arantius)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Auscultation Sites

A

Right AV Valve: right side, 4th intercostal space, low
Left AV Valve: left side, 5th intercostal space, costochondral junction
Aortic Valve: left side, 4th intercostal space, high
Pulmonic Valve: left side, 3rd intercostal space, low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Pericardium

A

Fibrous: tough, thin, inelastic, blends with the adventitia of the great vessels dorsally and the sterno/phrenico-pericardiac ligament ventrally
Serous: two functional layers, visceral (against the heart) and parietal (against the fibrous layer)

24
Q

Phreniopericardiac Ligament

A

fixed apical attachmentment onto the fibrous pericardium to the diaphragm. in carnivores

25
Q

Sternopericardiac Ligament

A

fixes the pericardium to the sternum, in horses, pigs and cattle

26
Q

Percardial Sac & fluid

A

The sac formed by the layers of the pericardium, filled with pericardial fluid which acts as lubrication for the beating heart

27
Q

Mediastinum

A

Thoracic compartment containing all thoracic organs except the lungs

28
Q

Heart Sounds

A

S1: “Lub” AV valve closure, start of systole
S2: “Dub” Aortic and Pulmonary valve closure, end of systole
S3&S4: “galloping” V filling, and atrial contraction

29
Q

Extrinsic Innervation

A

Sympathetic supply: from symp. trunk via cervicothoracic (stellate) and middle cervical ganglia and ansa subclavia (loop around the subclavian artery). Post-ganglionic fibres form a cardiac plexus before innervating the SA and A-V nodes and coronary vessels.
Parasympathetic supple: vagus nerve, directly or via recurrent laryngeal nerve.

30
Q

Intrinsic Conduction system

A

Sinoatrial node (within terminal crest of right atrium): excitation wave is initiated here before
Atrioventricular node (just below the endocardium of the septal wall of the right atrium close to the coronary sinus) this is the relay between the atria and ventricles
Atrioventricular bundle (Bundle of His)
Left and right bundle branches
Purkinje fibres: initiate ventricular contraction
Spreads inner to outer

31
Q

Intrinsic Conduction system

A

Sinoatrial node (within terminal crest of right atrium)

32
Q

Coronary Circulation: Left Side

A

Left Coronary Artery (LCA) entrance: coronary ostia
LCA is the larger and more important of the two coronary arteries
Four branches in dogs and ruminants, three in horses and pigs
- Septal
- Circumflex (in coronary groove)
- Paraconal
- subsinuousal interventricular (dogs and ruminants)
Great cardiac vein on the left side (circumflex)

33
Q

Embryological development of the heart

A
  • Starts as a pair of tubes
  • Folds into itself
  • Pinches off into chambers
  • left and right openings eventually become the A-V ostia
34
Q

Embryological development of the heart

A
  • Starts as a pair of tubes
  • Folds into itself
  • Pinches off into chambers
  • left and right openings eventually become the A-V ostia
35
Q

Branchial Arch Arteries

A

Start with 6 on each side
1, 2, and 5 either never develop or are lost as the animal develops
3: connection between internal and external carotid artery
4: Left side aorta, right side right subclavian
6: Forms ductus arteriosus on the left side
Malformations: ventricular and atrial septal defects, atresia/stenosis of the pulmonary or aortic trunks, ectopia cordis, dextrocardia (mirror image), persistent right aortic arch (aorta develops on wrong side, trapping oesophagus)

36
Q

Arteries

A

3 concentric layers: inner tunica interna, middle tunica media, outer tunica adventitia

37
Q

Arterioles

A

small amount of smooth muscle in tunica media, sphincters where they join capillaries to regulate blood flow

38
Q

Capillaries

A

Ultra thin vessels where transfer of oxygen and nutrients occur

39
Q

Veins and Venules

A

Similar to arteries but much thinner and less elastic, lumen is wider, pressure and flow rate is lower, may contain valves

40
Q

Sinuses

A

Open chambers where blood pools

41
Q

Collateral Supplies

A

When areas are supplied by more than one arterial source

42
Q

True & Functional End Arteries

A

End artery: artery without collateral supply
True: rare, actually don’t have a supply
Functional: common, collateral supply is insufficient

43
Q

Arteriovenous Anastomoses

A

vascular short-cut between small arteries and veins prior to the capillary bed, important when the region has intermittent need for high blood supply or temperature regulation

44
Q

Rete mirabile

A

where one or more arteries randomly split into many smaller interconnecting branches before rejoining

45
Q

IVVP

A

Intervertebral venous plexus, parallel pair of valveless venus sinuses running the length of the spine along the floor of the vertebral canal, anastomose with each other and local drainage at each intervertebral space

46
Q

Changes to foetal circulation at birth

A

Umbilical arteries -> round ligaments of the bladder
Umbilical vein -> teres ligament of the liver
Ductus venosus (umbilical and portal system through liver to CdVC) -> closes
Ductus arteriosus (RV to LV) -> ligamentum arteriosus
Foramen Ovale (RA to LA) -> ovale fossa

47
Q

Lymphatic Flow

A

capillaries -> vessels -> lymph nodes -> trunks -> venous system close to heart

48
Q

Functions of Lymph Nodes

A

remove and destroy particulate matter, add lymphocytes to efferent lymph, expose antigenic material to anti-body forming cells
contain bacteria spread

49
Q

Thoracic Duct

A

continuation of the cysterna chyli beyond the diaphragm, runs dorsally & to the right of the aorta before moving ventrally and to the left along the side of the trachea, receives drainage from the left side of the chest before emptying into the left jugular or CrVC

50
Q

Cysterna Chyli

A

elongated dilation of the main abdominal lymphatic trunk -> lies to the right and dorsal to the aorta between T13 & L2, passes through the diaphragm via the aortic hiatus

51
Q

Tracheal Duct

A

Paired lymphatic trunks running down the neck on either side of the trachea, to either join the thoracic duct or enter the venous system

52
Q

Tonsils

A

lymphoepithelial structures, unencapsulated lymphoid accumulations that have aggregated to form specific organs
under a flap (tonsillar fossa) or in a pit (tonsillar sinus), aggregates form either
Primary: accumulations of non-reactive lymphoid cells
Secondary: when challenged by immune stimuli

53
Q

Thymus (function, anatomy, location, development)

A

central organ of lymphopoiesis in young animals, vestigial in the adult, pale pink, soft and lobulated
outer cortes: thymocytes (immunocompetent T-lymphocytes)
inner medulla: specialised reticular cells forming characteristic onion-like Hassal’s corpuscles
Develops from paired out-pouchings of the pharynx and extends down the neck to invade mediastinum

54
Q

Spleen (function)

A

erythropoesis in foetus, lymphopoiesis, blood filtration (via the reticuloendothelial network), destruction & recycling of old erythrocytes (via splenic sinuses), iron storage (via haemosiderin in reticular cells), blood storage (up to 16% of total blood volume) & concentrated RBC (haemotocrit may be 80%)

55
Q

Spleen (location)

A

joined to greater curvature of the stomach by the gastrosplenic ligament, parietal surface lies against left cranial abdominal wall & diaphragm usually cranial to the costal arch
visceral surface is associated with the left lateral aspect of the stomach, left kidney, descending colon and jejunum
position varies according to own size and stomach size

Anatomy (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions