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PE - Alevel > Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

What type of blood does the right and left side of your heart pump round the body

A

Right side of your heart - deoxygenated blood to the lungs
left side - is the larger side as it pumps oxygenated blood towards the rest of the body.

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2
Q

What is the muscular wall called that divides the two halves of the heart

A

The septum and each part has an atrium and ventricle

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3
Q

What is the role of the vena cava

A

brings deoxygenated blood to the right atrium

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4
Q

What is the role of the pulmonary vein

A

Delivers oxygenated blood to the left atrium

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5
Q

What is the role of the pulmonary artery

A

leaves the right ventricle with deoxygenated blood to go to the lungs

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6
Q

What is the role of the Aorta

A

Leaves the left ventricle with oxygenated blood to go to the rest of the body

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7
Q

What is the flow of blood around the body

A
  1. blood leaves the right side of the heart via the pulmonary artery and goes to the lungs where it is oxygenated.
  2. it then travels back to the left side of the heart via the pulmonary vein
  3. the left side of the heart then pumps the oxygenated blood around the rest of the body for use via the aorta.
  4. once the oxygen has been used, the blood becomes deoxygenated and returns to the right side of the heart via the vena cava.
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8
Q

What is the role of valves

A

They help to ensure that blood flows in one direction.
They open to allow blood to pass through
They close to prevent back flow

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9
Q

What are the 3 different types of valves

A

Tricuspid valve
Bicuspid valve
Semi-Lunar valves

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10
Q

What is the Tricuspid valve located

A

Located between the right and left atrium

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11
Q

Where is the Bicuspid valve located

A

Located between Left atrium and left ventricle

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12
Q

Semi-Lunar valves

A

found between the right and left ventricles and the aorta and pulmonary artery

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13
Q

What is the cardiac conduction system

A

The CCS is a group of specialised cells located in the walls if the heart which sends electrical impulses to the cardiac muscle, causing a contraction.

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14
Q

What is the role of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

A

The Sympathetic nervous system - stimulates the heart to beat to resting level
The parasympathetic nervous system - return the heart beat to resting level.

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15
Q

What two parts are the nervous system made up of

A

the central nervous system - brain, spinal cord
The peripheral nervous system - nerve cells that transmit information to and from the CNS

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16
Q

Where is the cardiac control system located

A

It is located in the medulla oblongata of the brain

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17
Q

The sympathetic nervous impulses sent to the SA node result in the heart rate

A

Increasing

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18
Q

The parasympathetic nervous impulses sent to the SA node causes the heat beat to

A

Slow down

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19
Q

The cardiac control centre is stimulated by what?

A

Chemoreceptors, baroreceptors and proprioceptors

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20
Q

What are chemoreceptors

A

Found in the carotid arteries and the aortic arch
They sense chemical changes
During exercise they increase in CO2
Increase in carbon dioxide = stimulating the sympathetic nervous system which leads to an increased heart rate.

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21
Q

What are the roles of Baroreceptors

A

Contain nerve endings that respond to the stretching of the arterial wall caused by changes in blood pressure
- They establish a set point for blood pressure
- Increases above or decrease below results in baroroecptors sending signals to the medulla oblongata.
- increases in arterial pressure = decrease in heart rate
- decrease in arterial pressure = increase in heart rate

22
Q

What are proprioceptors

A
  • They are found in the muscles, tendons and joints they are sensory nerve endings.
  • They provide information about movements and body position
  • At the start of exercise they detect a muscle movement
    Receptors then send an impulse to the medulla oblongata which sends an impulse through the sympathetic nervous system to the SA node to increase HR
    When the parasympathetic system stimulates the SA node, HR decreases
23
Q

What is adrenaline

A

a stress hormone released by the sympathetic nerves and cardiac nerve during exercise

24
Q

what happens when stiumlating the SA node =

A

an increase in speed and force of contraction = increased cardiac output.

25
Q

what is the release of adrenaline during exercise called

A

hormonal control

26
Q

what is stroke volume

A

The volume of blood pumped out by the heart ventricles during each contraction

27
Q

what is venous return

A

the volume of blood returning to the heart via the veins. if venous return increases so does stroke volume

28
Q

What is starlings law

A

if there is a greater force of contraction = increase in the ejection fraction

29
Q

what does it mean by the elasticity of cardiac fibres

A

th degree of stretch of cardiac tissue during the diastole (relaxing) phase of the cardiac cycle - the more the cardiac fibres can stretch the greater the force of contraction.

30
Q

what does SV depend on

A

venous return
the elasticity of cardiac fibres

31
Q

what is the ejection fraction

A

the percentage of blood pumped out by the left ventricles per beat. An average value of 60% to 85% following a period of training.

32
Q

The myogenic heart muscles

A
  1. Electrical signal in the sinoatrial node spreads through the walls of the atria causing systole contraction.
  2. blood is forced into the atria
  3. impulses then passes through the atrioventricular node
  4. AV node delays thw transmission of the cardiac signal for 01. secs approx. enabling atria to fully contract before ventricular systole begins
  5. Electrical impulses passes through the bundle of his (located in the septum)
  6. Impulses passes through the two bundles of branches ( bundle of HIs into smaller bundles called Purkinje fibres which spread throughout the ventricles
  7. Ventricles therefore contract.
33
Q

What is the process of starlings law

A

Increased venous return -> greater diastolic filling of the heart -> cardiac muscle stretched -> more force of contraction -> increased ejection fraction

34
Q

what is cardiac tissue also called

A

myocardium - the greater the contractibility of the myocardium, the greater the force of contraction = increased SV

35
Q

what is cardiac output

A

the volume of blood pumped out by the heart ventricles per minute

36
Q

what is the equation for cardiac output

A

cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate

37
Q

heart rate in response to exercise!
what happens to are heart rate as we exercise

A

are HR increases with exercise in relation to intensity. A trained performer has a greater HR range because their resting HR is generally lower and their Maximum HR increased slightly. They may also have cardiac hypertrophy due to their regular training.

38
Q

what is blood pressure?

A

blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the blood vessel walls. This pressure comes from the heart as it pumps the blood around the body.

Having high blood pressure can put extra strain on the arteries and heart, and if left untreated it increases the risk of heart attack, heart failutre, kidney disease, stroke or dementia.

regular aerobic exercise can reduce blood pressure.

39
Q

what do LDL’s do?

A

( low density lipoproteins) - they transport cholesterol in the blood to the tissues and are classed as bad cholesterol since they are linked to an increased risk of heart disease . can be encouraged to eat things high in statins, also tablets can help to reduce this

40
Q

what do HDL’s do?

A

High density lipoproteins - transports extra cholesterol in the blood back to the liver where it is broken down. Theses are classed as good cholesterol since they lower the risk of developing heart disease.

41
Q

how does a stroke affect somebody

A

a stroke can result in death but if it gets treated in hospital quickly they might become paralysed or one side of their body may become wekaer or paralysed or problems with speech, swallowing and problems with remembering and awarness.

41
Q

what is a stroke

A

This is where the blood supply to the brain gets cut off

42
Q

what can cause a stroke?

A

strokes are mainly caused by a blood clot - when the blood is too thick to fit through blood vessels it causes a blockage and no blood at all can get through

43
Q

how does being physically active effect a stroke

A

by participating in physical activity can reduce your blood pressure which reduces a persons risk of having a stoke as high blood pressure means arteries are more likely to get clogged and causes a stroke.

44
Q

what does coronary heart disease do?

A

supplies oxygenated blood to the heart

45
Q

what is coronary heart disease?

A

this is when the arteires become blocked or start to narrow because of the gradual build up of fatty deposits. This process is called atherosclerosis. less oxygen can be delivered to the heart, so the heart will have to beat faster to provide the body with oxygen.

46
Q

what are causes of coronary heart disease

A

high blood pressure, high cholesterol, lack of exercise and smoking

47
Q

what is Angina

A

a chest pain that occurs when blood supply through the arteries is restricted

48
Q

ways to prevent heart disease

A

regular exercise ( maintains the flexibility if blood vessels ensuring good blood flow to the heart and body.

49
Q
A

PE - Alevel (1 decks)

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