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Sports Science > Topic 2.2: Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Topic 2.2: Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

2.2.1 State the composition of blood

A
  • Erythrocytes (red blood cell) = 45%
  • Plasma = 55%
  • Leukocytes (white blood cell) + Platelets = <1%
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2
Q

2.2.2 Distinguish between the functions of erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets

A
  • Erythrocytes - transport oxygen using hemoglobin
  • Leukocytes - immune system, protects body against infection and foreign invaders
  • Platelets - blood clotting, prevent blood clot
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3
Q

2.2.3 Describe the anatomy of the heart with reference to the heart chambers, valves and major blood vessels.

A

4 chambers:

  • Right atrium
  • Left atrium
  • Right ventricle
  • Left ventricle

4 valves:

  • Bicuspid valve
  • Tricuspid valve
  • Aortic valve
  • Pulmonary valve

4 major blood vessel:

  • Vena cava (superior + inferior)
  • Pulmonary vein
  • The aorta
  • Pulmonary artery
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4
Q

2.2.5 Outline the relationship between the pulmonary and systemic circulation.

A

PULMONARY CIRCULATION:

  • Delivers deoxygenated blood from right side of the heart to the lungs to be oxygenated. It then returns to the heart.

SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION:

  • Delivers oxygenated blood from left side of the heart to the body. It then returns to the heart deoxygenated.
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5
Q

Pulmonary Circulation pathway

A
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6
Q

Systemic Circulation Pathway

A
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7
Q

2.2.4. Describe the intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of heart rate and the sequence of excitation of the heart muscle.

A
  1. SA node fires causing 2 atria to contract
  2. Slight delay in stimulation of the AV node which gives ventricle time to fill blood
  3. Signal from AV node through the AV Bundle (Bundle of His) and then Purkinje fibers into myucardium causing contraction of the ventricles.
  4. Begins at the apex and progresses upwards causing blood to be pushed upward
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8
Q

2.2.6. Describe the relationship between heart rate, cardiac output and stroke volume at rest and during exercise.

A

Cardiac Output = Heart Rate x Stroke Volume

During exercise:

  • CO increases. This happens with increases in HR and SV. SV has the most dramatic effect on CO during exercise.

At rest:

  • CO remains constant. HR and SV remain stable.
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9
Q

Analyse cardiac output, stroke volume and heart rate data for different age at rest and during exercise.

A

Young:

  • Lower stroke volume
  • Higher resting and working heart rate to maintain cardiac output
  • Approx. 210bpm

Old:

  • Stroke volume increase, heart rate decrease as we age
  • Decrease cardiac output because decrease in both heart rate and stroke volume
  • Has lower max heart rate than young
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10
Q

2.2.8. Explain cardiovascular drift

A

An increase of body temperature results in a lower venous return to the heart, a small decrease in blood volume from sweating. A reduction in stroke volume causes the heart rate to increase to maintain cardiac output.

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11
Q

2.2.9. Define the terms systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

A

Systolic - the pressure when the heart contracts

Diastolic - the pressure when the heart relax

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12
Q

2.2.10. Analyse systolic and diastolic blood pressure data at rest and during exercise.

A

At rest

  • Systolic and diastolic pressure is lower than that during exercise.

During exercise

  • Systolic pressure > diastolic pressure
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13
Q

2.2.11. Discuss how systolic and diastolic blood pressure respond to dynamic and static exercise.

A

Dynamic:

  • Systolic = Increase
  • Diastolic = Remains relatively the same

Static:

  • Systolic = Increase
  • Diastolic = Increase
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14
Q

2.2.12. Compare the distribution of blood at rest and the redistribution of blood during exercise.

A

At rest:

  • Blood is distributed more evenly
  • less blood is distributed at a slower rate
  • Skin will have minimal blood flow depending on the climate

During exercise:

  • More blood is distributed at a faster rate.
  • Active muscles can demand as much as 90% of the total blood flow.
  • More of the capillary network will open to supply muscles with increased demand.
  • Organs receive much less blood than active muscles. But essential organs like brain and heart are protected with adequate blood flow.
  • Skin receives significant blood flow to regulate body temperature.
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15
Q

2.2.13 Describe the cardiovascular adaptations resulting from endurance exercise training.

A
  • Increased left ventricular volume
  • More capillaries are present
  • Lower resting heart rate
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16
Q

2.2.14. Explain maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max)

A

Maximal rate and use of oxygen consumption during exercise measured in ml/kg/1min (VO2max)

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17
Q

2.2.15. Discuss the variability of maximal oxygen consumption in selected groups.

(Trained vs Untrained)

A

Trained > Untrained

Trained individuals:

  • Higher VO2max levels.
  • Trained athletes are able to demonstrate their full cardio-respiratory potential

Untrained:

  • Obtain fatigued muscles and are only able to reach sub-maximal levels.
18
Q

2.2.16. Discuss the variability of maximal oxygen consumption with different modes of exercise.

A
  • Highest values are generally found during treadmill exercise, lowest on bicycle ergometer test (as more muscle mass is being used during running)
  • This is the reason why the highest observed values are in cross-country skiers compared to runners (more oxygen demand on the upper-body)
  • Oxygen consumption is less with arm crank (arm ergometry) than cycle ergometry.
19
Q

Define Cardiac Output

A

The volume of blood pumped from heart/ventricle in one minute

20
Q

Define Stroke Volume

A

The volume of blood pumped from the heart/left ventricle in one beat

21
Q

What effect does Strenuous exercise have on CO?

A

Strenuous exercise can increase CO to 21L/min in a fit person and 35L/min in world-class athletes.

22
Q

Name the two branches of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  1. Sympathetic (fight, flight, freeze)
  2. Parasympathetic (rest & digest)
23
Q

Analyse cardiac output, stroke volume and heart rate data for different gender at rest and during exercise.

A
  • Women generally have lower stroke volume due to size
  • Has smaller blood volume
  • Higher resting and sub max heart rate
24
Q

Analyse cardiac output, stroke volume and heart rate data for different training level at rest and during exercise.

A

Trained:

  • Aerobic training can decrease heart rate at rest, increase stroke volume during sub max
  • During sub max, cardiac output reamins stable but heart does less work because of increase in stroke volume, decrease in heart rate
  • Max. cardiac output increases during endurance training, due to increase in stroke volume while max. heart rate stays the same
  • Higher stroke volume at all state (rest, sub max, max) than untrained

Untrained:

  • Heart rate during rest, sub max and max are all higher than trained
  • Cardiac output stays relatively the same but during max. training is way lower
25
Q

What are the 4 chambers?

A
  • Right atrium
  • Left atrium
  • Right ventricle
  • Left ventricle
26
Q

What are the 4 valves?

A
  • Bicuspid valve (Mitral)
  • Tricuspid valce
  • Aortic valce
  • Pulmonary valve
27
Q

What are the 4 major blood vessels?

A
  • Vena cava (superior + inferior)
  • Pulmonary vein
  • The aorta
  • Pulmonary artery
28
Q

How does training increase VO2 max?

A
  • Increase in stroke volume
  • Increased number of capillaries
29
Q

How does the autonomic nervous system speed up or slow down the heart?

A
  • Sympathetic releases epinephrine (ADRENALINE) which increases SA node firing (increase in Heart Rate).
  • Parasympathetic releases acetylcholine which slows the SA node firing (decrease in Heart Rate).
30
Q

Explain Absolute VO2 max vs Relative VO2 max

A
  • Absolute VO2 Max: Does NOT account for differences in size and mass. Expressed in L/min
  • Relative VO2 Max: Does account for differences in size and mass. Expressed in ml/kg/min
31
Q

What is the Fick Equation?

A

VO2 max = Max CO x Max (a-v)O2

32
Q

What is “Max (a-v)O2”

A

Indication of how much oxygen has been removed by the capillaries and used by the body

33
Q

What are the two nodes in heart?

A
  • Sinoatrial node - send impulse
  • Atrioventricular node
34
Q

Which valve is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle?

A. Bicuspid valve

B. Pulmonary valve

C. Tricuspid valve

D. Aortic valve

A

C.

Tricuspid valve

35
Q

Which valve is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle?

A. Bicuspid valve

B. Pulmonary valve

C. Tricuspid valve

D. Aortic valve

A

A.

Bicuspid valve

36
Q

What is affected by training more HR or SV?

A
  • Our maximum HR remains the same, however with training one can tolerate a higher HR for longer.
  • SV is affected the most by training as physical changes to the heart (increase in the left ventricle) result in a higher SV, thus more cardiac output. (CO)
37
Q

Factors that affect VO2 max

A
  • Heredity
  • Age
  • Gender
  • Body size and composition
  • Mode of exercise
  • Types of muscle fibers used during the exercise
  • Altitude
  • Temperature
  • Training status
38
Q

2.2.15. Discuss the variability of maximal oxygen consumption in selected groups. (Male vs Female)

Why is there a significant difference in VO2 max between males and females?

A
  • Differences in body composition (naturally higher percentage of non-oxygen-using body fat in females)
  • Hemoglobin concentration (males have slightly more hemoglobin than females)
39
Q

2.2.15. Discuss the variability of maximal oxygen consumption in selected groups. (Age)

A
  • Children have much lower absolute VO2 max but when adjusted for body mass it is very similar to adults.
  • VO2 max typically declines about 1% per year from age 20-25
  • Reflects a gradual decline in max HR that can be achieved
40
Q

2.2.15. Discuss the variability of maximal oxygen consumption in selected groups. (Athlete vs Non-Athlete)

A

Athlete > Non-Athlete

Athletes have better endurance:

  • Need less oxygen pumped to the muscles
  • Allowing them to exercise for a longer period of time without getting as tired

Sports Science (24 decks)

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