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Physiology > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Blood Pathway

A

Superior/inferior vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary veins, lungs, pulmonary arteries, left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta, body.

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2
Q

Developmental Physiology: prenatal

A

heart starts to form, foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus form: open chamber between atriums, resulting in a mix of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

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3
Q

Developmental Phys: Infancy, YA

A 
heart volume increases
vascularization increases
arteries and veins increase in size
left ventricle wall increases
stroke volume, HR and blood volume increase
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4
Q

Girls BP increases:

A

during prepubertal growth spurt

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5
Q

Boys BP increases:

A

through age 18

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6
Q

Developmental Physiology: Adulthood

A

sex differences, and vessels thicken and become less elastic (inside lumen shrinks with age, vessels must adapt too)

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7
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

involuntary, has actin and myosin filaments, mitochondria, and low resistance intercalated discs

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8
Q

Intercalated discs

A

allow the electric charge to be rapidly transmitted throughout the nearby areas

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9
Q

Absolute refractory

A

once an action potential has been generated, it cannot receive further stimulation for a period of time (muscle transitions to inactive state)

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10
Q

Ventricular muscle AP: Phases 0-4

A

0: fast Na channels open, then slow Ca channels (straight up)
1: K channels open (peak)
2: Ca channels open more (plateau)
3: K channels open more (decline)
4: Resting membrane potential (bottom)

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11
Q

Refractory Period

A

during this time, cardiac muscle cannot be re-excited. Lasts 0.25-0.3 secs in ventricles, 0.15 secs in atrium (controls atria, makes them have to work harder - this is where the process starts!)

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12
Q

Churning motion of valves…

A

helps push blood upwards

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13
Q

systole

A

ventricular muscle stimulated by AP and contracting

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14
Q

diastole

A

ventricular muscle reestablishing Na/K/Ca gradient and is relaxing

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15
Q

EKG

A

P - atrial depolarization
QRS - ventricular depolarization
T - ventricular repolarization

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16
Q

What causes the aortic valve to close?

A

decrease in pressure

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17
Q

Stiffening/preparing for contraction causes the pressure to _____ because:

A

increase, must overcome gravity and gradient

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18
Q

How much blood is left over after ejections and what is it called?

A

end systolic volume, 50 ml

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19
Q

How much blood is able to be contracted and what is it called?

A

end diastolic volume, 120 ml

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20
Q

Atrial vs. ventricular pressure

A

atrial pressure stays the same (hardly moves), while ventricular pressure rises and falls

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21
Q

Normal stroke volume

A

70 ml (end diastolic-end systolic)

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22
Q

Ejection fraction

A

evaluated cardiac function, stroke volume/end diastolic = 70/120 = 58%. Pathologic is <50%

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23
Q

Cardiac output

A

HR x stroke volume

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24
Q

Aortic pressure curve

A

increases during systole after aortic valve opens, decreases towards end of ejection phase. Incisura occurs after the valve has closed, and aortic pressure decreases slowly during diastole because of elasticity of the aorta

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25
Q

Chordae tendinae

A

attached to AV valves, which are attached to papillary muscles, which contracts during systole and help prevent back flow of blood

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26
Q

Autonomic effects on heart

A

sympathetic: increased HR, contractility
parasympathetic: decreased HR and contractility

27
Q

Tachycardia can decrease cardiac output because:

A

there is not enough time for the heart to fill during diastole

28
Q

Pathway of heartbeat

A

begins at SA Node, internodal pathway to AV node, delayed in AV node and bundle (to allow atria to contract before ventricles), AV bundle takes impulse to ventricles, left and right bundles of Purkinje fibers take impulse to all parts of ventricles.

29
Q

Rhythmic contraction =

A

self-generated APs

30
Q

2 Types of cardiac muscle

A
  1. contractile cells: mechanical work of pumping, don’t initiate APs
  2. auto rhythmic cells: initiate and conduct APs, not contraction
31
Q

AV Bundles

A

one-way conduction, only conducting path between atria and ventricles and divide into left and right bundles.

32
Q

QRS time

A

0.06 secs

33
Q

Time of arrival of cardiac impulse

A

SA node: 0.00
AV node: 0.03
AV bundle: 0.12
ventricular septum: 0.16

34
Q

What is the pacemaker of the heart?

A

sinus node

35
Q

Stokes Adams Syndrome

A

delay in pickup of heartbeat, person would have lower cardiac output, lower functional capacity.

36
Q

3 Circulatory system functions:

A
  1. transports nutrients to tissues
  2. transporting waste products away from tissues
  3. transporting hormones
37
Q

Circulation Steps

A
  1. Blood flows in (5L/min)
  2. Arteries (13%): Transport blood to tissues under high pressure
  3. Arterioles: control site for blood flow and resistance of circulation
  4. Capillaries: major site of water and solute exchange between blood and tissues
  5. Venueles/Veins (64%): returns blood to heart under low pressure, serves as reservoir
  6. Pulmonary circuit: site of O2 and CO2 exchange
38
Q

What has the largest total cross-sectional area of circulation?

A

Capillaries

39
Q

Velocity of blood flow is greatest at the:

A

aorta

40
Q

Vasoconstriction will do what to BP?

A

increase it.

41
Q

Blood pressure:

A

force exerted by the blood against any unit area of vessel wall (100 mmHg is enough)

42
Q

Resistance

A

impediment to blood flow in the vessel

43
Q

Blood flow

A

quantity of blood that passes a certain point in a given period (normal is 5 L/min)

44
Q

Aortic aneurysm, atherosclerosis. Implications?

A

Turbulent flow increases stress. We want to avoid this, and as we age, our vessel integrity declines, causing slower flow, and potentially these issues.

45
Q

Distensibility

A

Veins are super distensible! Arteries are not.

46
Q

vascular distensibility and compliance

A

considers increases in volume/increases in pressure

47
Q

Korotkoff sounds

A

systolic: tapping
diastolic: muffled, then gone

48
Q

Central venous pressure

A

pressure in R atrium, normally zero, but can be 20-30 mmHg

49
Q

4 factors affecting venous pressure

A
  1. increased blood volume
  2. increased venous tone (integrity of vessel/flow)
  3. dilation of arterioles
  4. decreased contractility (cardiac function)
50
Q

Venous valves

A

prevent backflow of blood and keep pressures in legs low

51
Q

Microcirculation

A

important in transport of nutrients to tissues, site of waste product removal

52
Q

Fluid exchange in capillary

A

some exits at arterial end, no change in middle, and some comes in at venous end

53
Q

Lymph flow: breast cancer

A

an increase of IF increases lymph flow. BC tumors close to axillary lymph vessels, cancer gets into lymph, goes around body, metastasizes

54
Q

Tissues control their own blood flow based on needs. They need:

A
  1. delivery of O2 to tissues
  2. delivery of nutrients
  3. removal of metabolites from tissues (CO2H)
  4. hormonal transport
55
Q

Flow is related to:

A

metabolic rate

56
Q

Vasodilator blood flow theory

A

increase in tissue metabolism, increase release of vasodilators, which decreases the arteriole BP and increases blood flow

57
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic: important for control of circulation
parasympathetic: important in regulating heart function

58
Q

arterial pressure can be increased by:

A

constricting arterioles, constricting large vessels, increasing HR and contractility to increase cardiac output

59
Q

arterial baroreceptor reflex

A

rise in BP stretches baroreceptors and causes them to transmit them to vasomotor center, which will reduce AP back to normal

60
Q

baroreceptors

A

maintains constant pressure despite changes in body posture, located on walls of large systemic arteries

61
Q

Renal body fluid system

A

plays a dominant role in long term pressure control, as ECFV increases, arterial pressure increases, causing kidneys to lose Na and water to return to normal

62
Q

Increased Na going in:

A

increased ECFV

63
Q

Renin angiotensin system

A

important in maintaining a normal AP during changes in Na intake: as Na intake increases, renin falls to 0, and as Na intake decreases, renin levels increase

Physiology (4 decks)

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