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Anatomy for Systems > Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

What bony landmark represents the split between the superior and inferior mediastinum?

A

T4 sternal angle

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2
Q

Which bones act as the anterior border of the superior mediastinum?

A

Manubrium

1st rib

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3
Q

Which bones form the posterior border of the superior mediastinum?

A

T1-4

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4
Q

What heart chambers form the right border of the heart?

A

Right atrium

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5
Q

What heart chambers forms the left border of the heart?

A

Left ventricle

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6
Q

What heart chambers forms the anterior border of the heart?

A

Right atrium and left atrium

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7
Q

What heart chambers forms the inferior border of the heart?

A

Right ventricle, right atrium and left ventricle

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8
Q

What heart chambers forms the anterior surface of the heart?

A

Right ventricle

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9
Q

What heart chambers forms the posterior surface (base) of the heart?

A

Left atrium

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10
Q

What heart chambers forms the inferior/diaphragmatic part of the heart?

A

Left ventricle and right ventricle

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11
Q

What 4 vertebrae are posterior to the heart when supine?

A

T5 - T8

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12
Q

At what vertebral level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate?

A

L4

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13
Q

At what vertebral level is the aortic arch?

A

T4

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14
Q

At what vertebral level does the common iliac arteries bifurcate?

A

L5

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15
Q

When does the common iliac arteries arise?

A

L4

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16
Q

What do the external iliac arteries supply?

A

Becomes the femoral arteries and travels on to supply lower limb

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17
Q

What do the internal iliac arteries supply?

A

Supply pelvis viscera at S1

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18
Q

What does the superior vena cava drain?

A

Head, neck and upper limbs

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19
Q

What does the inferior vena cava drain?

A

Abdomen, pelvic cavities and lower limbs

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20
Q

What are the 3 main tributaries of the superior vena cava?

A

Left and right brachiocephalic veins

Azygos vein

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21
Q

What are the 2 main tributaries of the inferior vena cava?

A

Left and right common iliac veins

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22
Q

What are the tributaries of the left brachicephalic vein?

A

Left internal jugular vein and left subclavian vein

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23
Q

What does the azygous vein system drain?

A

Drains blood from posterior intercostal veins to the superior vena cava

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24
Q

Where is the azygos vein found?

A

Just to the right of the descending thoracic aorta

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25
Q

What does the azygous vein system consist of?

A

Azygos vein on right side of posterior mediastinum

Hemiazygos vein on the left side of the posterior mediastinum, before draining into the azygos vein at T8/9

Accessory hemiazygous - also drains left side

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26
Q

At what vertebral level does the hemiazygos vein drain into the azygos vein?

A

T8/9

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27
Q

What posterior chest wall arteries arise from the descending aorta?

A

Posterior intercostal arteries

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28
Q

From what part of the spinal nerve are the intercostal nerves made of?

A

Ventral ramus

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29
Q

What anterior chest wall arteries drain into the internal thoracic vein?

A

Anterior intercostal veins

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30
Q

What do the anterior intercostal veins drain into?

A

Internal thoracic vein

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31
Q

What anterior chest wall arteries arise from the internal thoracic artery?

A

Anterior intercostal arteries

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32
Q

From what side of the body does the thoracic duct drain?

A

Left side

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33
Q

From what artery does the internal thoracic artery arise from?

A

The internal thoracic artery arises from the subclavian artery near its origin.

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34
Q

What two vessels drain the left posterior intercostal veins?

A

Hemiazygos vein on the left side of the posterior mediastinum, before draining into the azygos vein at T8/9

Accessory hemiazygous - also drains left side

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35
Q

Where is the thoracic duct located?

A

Between azygos vein and the descending aorta on the right side of the posterior chest wall, before crossing over to left side to empty into the left subclavian vein

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36
Q

Where does the thoracic duct commence?

A

As the cisterna chyli at L1

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37
Q

Where does the thoracic duct drain into?

A

Left subclavian vein

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38
Q

Where does the right lymphatic duct drain into?

A

Right subclavian vein

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39
Q

What is the most inferior part of the thoracic duct called?

A

Cisterna chyli (also where it commences)

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40
Q

At what bony point does the subclavian artery become the axillary artery?

A

Lateral border of 1st rib

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41
Q

Where on the upper limb does the brachial artery branch into the radial and ulnar arteries?

A

Cubital fossa (around elbow joint)

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42
Q

What are the two superficial veins of the upper limb on the forearm?

A

Basilic vein
Cephalic vein
(both connected by media cubital vein in cubital fossa)

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43
Q

What side of the arm is the basilic vein?

A

Medial side

44
Q

What side of the arm is the cephalic vein?

A

Lateral side

45
Q

What are the venae comitantes?

A

Accompanying veins of corresponding major arteries of the limbs

46
Q

Of what artery is the femoral artery a distal continuation of?

A

External iliac artery

47
Q

Where is the great saphenous vein found and what does it drain into?

A

Medial side of leg, drains into femoral vein

48
Q

Where is the small saphenous vein found and what does it drain into?

A

Posterior of leg, drains into popliteal vein

49
Q

If examining a transverse image that contains a cross-section of the heart, at what vertebral level could you be at?

A

T5-T8

50
Q

What are the 3 layers of the pericardium?

A

Visceral layer of serous pericardium
Parietal layer of serous pericardium
Fibrous pericardium

51
Q

Where is the pericardial cavity found?

A

Between the visceral layer and parietal layer of the serous pericardium

52
Q

Which layer belongs simultaneously with the heart wall and the serous pericardium?

A

Epicardium

53
Q

Describe the innervation of the visceral serous pericardium

A

Vagus nerve via cardiac plexus

Autonomic innervation from T1-4

54
Q

Describe the autonomic innervation of the visceral serous pericardium

A

From T1-4

55
Q

Describe the innervation of the parietal serous pericardium and the fibrous pericardium?

A

Phrenic nerves, intercostal nerves

56
Q

What layers of the pericardium detect pain?

A

Fibrous and parietal layer of serous pericardium via phrenic nerve

57
Q

What makes up the posterior surface of the heart?

A

Left atrium

58
Q

What are the functions of the auricles?

A

Increases the blood holding capacity of the atrium

59
Q

What does the adult right auricle correspond to during embryogenesis?

A

Primordial atrium

60
Q

What was the function of the foramen ovale?

A

Sped up travel of blood in the foetus

61
Q

Where is the moderator band (septomarginal trabeculum) found?

A

Connects inferior interventricular septum with the anterior of the right ventricle

62
Q

What is the function of the moderator band (septomarginal trabeculum)?

A

Carries part of right bundle branch of the AV bundle and acts as a shortcut across the chamber of the ventricle to facilitate conduction time and allow the coordinated contraction of the anterior papillary muscles.

63
Q

What valve is found between the left atrium and left ventricle?

A

Mitral (bicuspid) valve

64
Q

What vessels empty into the left atrium?

A

Superior and inferior pulmonary veins

65
Q

In what children is VSD common in?

A

Children with Downs syndrome

66
Q

Where does the coronary sinus drain into?

A

Right atrium directly

67
Q

Where do the coronary arteries arise from?

A

Root of aorta (before arch)

68
Q

Which pair of arteries anastomose in the posterior atrioventricular coronary sulcus?

A

Right coronary artery and circumflex artery

69
Q

Which pair of arteries anastomose in the posterior interventricular sulcus?

A

Left anterior and right posterior interventricular descending arteries

70
Q

What does the right coronary artery supply?

A

Right atrium and ventricle
AV node and bundle
SA node (in minority of cases)

71
Q

What does the left coronary artery supply?

A

Both ventricles
Interventricular septum
Left atrium
SA node (in majority of cases)

72
Q

What vein lies alongside the left anterior interventricular artery?

A

Great cardiac vein

73
Q

What does the great cardiac vein lie alongside?

A

Left anterior inter ventricular artery

74
Q

What vein lies alongside the posterior interventricular vein?

A

Middle cardiac vein

75
Q

What vein lies alongside the right marginal branch artery?

A

Small cardiac vein

76
Q

Where is the coronary sinus found?

A

Found alongside the circumflex artery on the posterior of the heart in the atrioventricular groove

77
Q

What are the oblique cardiac veins and what do they drain into?

A

Branching small vessels exiting the coronary sinus, which drain directly into the left atrium (why arterial blood isn’t 100% saturated)

78
Q

What cardiac veins drain into the right atrium?

A

All veins apart from the oblique cardiac veins drain into coronary sinus, which enters right atrium

79
Q

What is the name of the small veins which drain the heart wall directly into each chamber?

A

Venae cordis minimae

80
Q

Where do the lymph vessels from the heart drain into?

A

Tracheobronchial and mediastinal (bronchopulmonary and paratracheal) lymph nodes

81
Q

From what aortic valve cusps do the coronary arteries arise from?

A

Right and left cusps, right and left aortic sinuses are the origins of the right and left coronary arteries

82
Q

From what aortic valve cusp is the aortic sinus?

A

Posterior cusp

83
Q

Describe the components of the cardiac plexus for autonomic innervation of the heart and coronary vessels

A

Vagus nerve - parasympathetic

Spinal cord segments T1-4 - sympathetic

84
Q

Where is the cardiac plexus situated and what does it carry?

A

Bifurcation of the trachea (T4)

85
Q

Where is the sinoatrial node found?

A

Near the opening for the SVC in the right atrium

86
Q

Where is the atrioventricular node found?

A

Inferior part of the interatrial septum

87
Q

Where is the bundle of His found?

A

Each side of the interventricular septum

88
Q

How is cardiac ischaemic pain transmitted?

A

Carried back to levels T1-4 via afferent sympathetic fibres

Can feel referred pain in left shoulder/arm

89
Q

In what layer of the muscular arterial wall is the external elastic lamina found?

A

Tunica media

90
Q

In what layer of the muscular arterial wall is the internal elastic lamina found?

A

Tunica intima

91
Q

Where are the elastic lamina found in elastic arteries?

A

In tunica media, many of them!

92
Q

What types of artery are the aorta and pulmonary trunk?

A

Conducting elastic arteries

93
Q

What types of artery are the radial and femoral arteries?

A

Distributing muscular arteries

94
Q

What tissue predominates in the tunica media of the arterioles?

A

Smooth muscle

95
Q

What tissue forms the heart and vein valves?

A

Tunica intima

96
Q

What is an end artery?

A

Means the artery is the only supply of oxygenated blood to the portion of tissue e.g. anterior interventricular artery

97
Q

Which coronary artery supplies the sinoatrial node in the majority of people?

A

Left coronary artery

98
Q

At the 6th IC space, what does the internal thoracic artery divide into?

A

After passing the sixth intercostal space, the internal thoracic artery splits into the following two terminal branches:

  • Musculophrenic artery - roughly follows the costal margin.
  • Superior epigastric artery - continues the course of the internal thoracic artery, travelling downward into the abdominal wall.
99
Q

In what dermatome is the nipples?

A

T4

100
Q

What is the surface marking of the apex of the heart?

A

Posterior to left 5th IC space on the midclavicular line in adults, around 9cm from median plane

101
Q

Describe the fibrous pericardium

A

Outermost dense fibrous connective tissue layer of the heart

102
Q

Describe the tissue of the parietal and visceral serous pericardium

A

Composed of simple squamous epithelium

103
Q

Whats another name for the coronary sulcus?

A

Atrioventricular sulcus

104
Q

On what surface of the heart is the coronary sinus?

A

Posterior, drains into right atrium

105
Q

What is the ligamentum arteriosus and where is it found?

A

The ligamentum arteriosum is a small ligament that is the remnant of the ductus arteriosus formed within three weeks after birth. Found between the aorta and left pulmonary artery

106
Q

Next to what ribs is the cardiac notch on the left lung?

A

Ribs 4-6

Anatomy for Systems (8 decks)

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