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Exercise Physiology > Cardiovascular System & Exercise > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System & Exercise Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of the heart

A

it provides the force to propel blood throughout the vascular circuit

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2
Q

What is the role of semilunar valves

A

they prevent regurgitation between ventricular contractions

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3
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve found

A

between the right atrium and ventricle

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4
Q

Where is the mitral/bicuspid valve found

A

between the left atrium and ventricle

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5
Q

What are the functions of the chambers of the right heart pump

A
  • Receive deoxygenated blood returning from all parts of the body
  • Pump blood to the lungs for aeration via the pulmonary circulation
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6
Q

What are the functions of the chambers of the left heart pump

A
  • Receive oxygenated blood from the lungs
  • Pump blood into the aorta for distribution throughout the body via the systemic circulation
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7
Q

What are the roles of arteries

A
  • circulates oxygenated blood from the heart to the body
  • arteriole walls contain circular layers of smooth muscle that either constrict or relax to regulate peripheral blood flow
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8
Q

What is the roles of capillaries

A
  • gases, nutrients, and waste products rapidly transfer across the thin, porous, capillary walls
  • velocity progressively decreases as blood moves toward and into the capillaries
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9
Q

What are the roles of veins

A
  • they empty less oxygenated (deoxygenated) blood from the body back into the heart
  • flap like valves are spaced within the vein to permit one way blood flow back to the heart
  • the venous system acts as an active blood reservoir to either retard or enhanced blood flow to the systemic circulation
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10
Q

Define blood pressure

A

it is the amount of pressure that blood puts on the walls of a vessel

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11
Q

Define systolic blood pressure

A

highest arterial pressure measured after left ventricular contraction

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12
Q

Define diastolic blood pressure

A

lowest arterial pressure measured during left ventricular relaxation

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13
Q

What happens to systolic and diastolic blood pressure during rhythmic exercise

A

Systolic - increases in the first few minutes and then levels off
Diastolic - remains relatedly unchanged

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14
Q

How does resistance exercise increase blood pressure dramatically

A

there are vessels that run through the muscles and when the muscles contract they push on the vessel therefore restricting them causing a decrease in the vessels diameter for the blood to pass through

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15
Q

Why does blood pressure increase more with upper body exercises than lower body exercises

A

upper body exercises involve a lot more muscles than lower body exercises do

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16
Q

Why does blood pressure lower after a bout of exercise/during recovery

A
  • repair tissues
  • blood is pooling/blood reserve for tissues and muscles
  • elasticity of the vessels
  • vasodilation/parasympathetic system
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17
Q

Describe coronary circulation

A

Right coronary artery - supplies predominantly the right atrium and ventricle
Left coronary artery - supplies the left atrium and ventricle, and a small portion of the right ventricle

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18
Q

How much oxygen is extracted by the myocardium (heart) during rest from the blood flowing in the coronary vessels

A

70% - 80%

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19
Q

How does the body meet myocardial oxygen demands during exercise

A
  • coronary blood flow increases which means the heart is pumping faster
  • during vigorous exercise, coronary blood flow increases 4-6 times above the resting level
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20
Q

What is rate-pressure product, what mechanical factors determine myocardial oxygen uptake, and what is the equation to calculate it

A

Rate-Pressure Product (RPP): provides a convenient estimate of myocardial workload
Mechanical Factors: tension development within the myocardium, myocardial contractility, and heart rate (HR)
Equation: RPP = SBP(systolic blood pressure) x HR

21
Q

How does the heart get it’s energy supply

A
  • relies almost exclusively on energy released from aerobic reactions
  • glucose, fatty acids, and lactate formed from glycolysis in skeletal muscle all provide the energy for myocardial functioning
22
Q

What is the order of electrical circulation/intrinsic heart rate regulation through the heart

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node –> Atrioventricular (AV) node –> AV bundle/bundle of his –> Purkinje fibers

23
Q

What does the SA node, AV node, and Purkinje fibers do

A

SA node - spontaneously depolarizes and repolarizes to provide an “innate” stimulus to the heart
AV node - delays the impulse ~ 0.10 seconds to provide sufficient time for the atria to contract and force blood into the ventricles
Purkinje fibers - speed the impulse rapidly through the ventricles

24
Q

How does the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems influence heart rate regulation extrinsically

A

Sympathetic - releases catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine and leads to tachycardia

Parasympathetic - releases acetylcholine and leads to bradycardia

25
Q

How does cortical influence heart rate regulation extrinsically

A
  • it produces an anticipatory heart rate
  • experts its effect during exercise, at rest, and in the immediate pre-exercise period
26
Q

Define extrasystoles

A

extra beats

27
Q

Define premature atrial contraction (PAC)

A
  • parts of the atria become prematurely electrically active and depolarize spontaneously prior to SA node excitation
  • linked PAC’s can create atrial fibrillation (A Fib)
28
Q

Define premature ventricular contraction (PVC)

A
  • premature excitation of ventricles
  • can create ventricular fibrillation (V Fib)
29
Q

Equation for blood flow regulation

A

Flow = Pressure / Resistance

30
Q

What factors determine resistance to blood flow

A
  • viscosity or blood thickness
  • length of conducting tube
  • radius of blood vessel
31
Q

What are local factors of blood flow regulation that enhance regional blood flow

A
  • local increases in temperature
  • carbon dioxide
  • acidity
  • adenosine
  • nitric oxide
  • magnesium and potassium ions
32
Q

What are neural factors of blood flow regulation

A

Central vascular control via sympathetic and parasympathetic portions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) overrides vasoregulation afforded by local factors

33
Q

What are hormonal factors of blood flow regulation

A

With sympathetic activation, adrenal glands release epinephrine and norepinephrine to cause a general constrictor response except in blood vessels of the heart and skeletal muscles

34
Q

Equation for cardiac output

A

Cardiac Output = Heart Rate x Stroke Volume

35
Q

What are the physiologic mechanisms that increase stroke volume during exercise

A
  • enhanced cardiac filling in diastole followed by a more forceful systolic contraction
  • neurohormonal influence causes normal ventricular filling with a subsequent forceful ejection and emptying during systole
  • training adaptations can expand blood volume and reduce resistance to blood flow in peripheral tissues
36
Q

Define preload

A

greater ventricular filling in diastole during the cardiac cycle from an increase in venous return

37
Q

Define afterload

A

resistance to flow from increased systolic pressure

38
Q

Define cardiovascular drift

A

a decrease in stroke volume causing a dramatic increase in heart rate meanwhile keeping cardiac output the same during prolonged steady-rate exercise (>20 min)

39
Q

What can cause cardiovascular drift

A

dehydration

40
Q

How could you monitor intensity during exercise

A
  • rate of perceived exertion (RPE)
  • heart rate (HR) most reliable
  • VO2 max
41
Q

Who’s heart rate would increase to a steady state the quickest (trained/untrained person)

A

a trained person

42
Q

Define aerobic capacity

A

the amount of oxygen that you can utilize

43
Q

Why do females have larger cardiac output for sub maximal oxygen consumption

A

males have more hemoglobin (O2 carrying cells)

44
Q

How do children’s cardiac output compare to adults for sub maximal exercise O2 consumption

A

children have smaller cardiac output due to having smaller stroke volumes

45
Q

Equation for VO2 max

A

VO2 max = Max cardiac output x Max a-vO2 difference

46
Q

What is a-vO2 difference

A

it’s the difference between the amount of O2 in the arteries compared to the veins

47
Q

Why does a-vO2 difference widen during exercise

A

more oxygen is being absorbed by the organs and muscles to then use for energy during exercise (harder the exercise the more energy required)

48
Q

At maximal power does the upper extremities or the lower extremities require more oxygen uptake

A

the lower extremities require more O2 uptake during maximal exercises

49
Q

At sub maximal power does upper extremities or lower extremities require more oxygen uptake

A

upper extremities require more O2 uptake during sub maximal exercise

Exercise Physiology (9 decks)

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