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Biology - Paper 1 > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What parts of an animal cell and plant cell make them eukaryotic?

A
  • nucleus containing DNA
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2
Q

Are bacterial cells eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

A

Prokaryotic

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3
Q

What organelles do bacterial cells have?

A
  • cell wall
  • cell membrane
  • slime capsule
  • cytoplasm
  • plasmids
  • DNA loops
  • flagella
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4
Q

Multipliers for measurements

A

Centi - x 0.01
Milli - x 0.001
Micro - x 0.000001
Nano - x 0.000000001

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5
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

It contains DNA coding for a particular protein needed to build new cells and is enclosed in a nuclear membrane

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6
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

It is a liquid substance in which chemical reactions occur. It contains enzymes which help to speed up the reaction and also all organelles are found in it.

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7
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

It controls what enters and leaves the cell.

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8
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

It is where aerobic respiration occurs and therefore provides energy for the cell.

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9
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

It is where proteinsynthesis occurs and is found on a structure called the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

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10
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

It is where photosynthesis takes place which provides food for the plant. They contain chlorophyll which is a pigment that makes the leaf green and also harvests light which is needed for photosynthesis.

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11
Q

What is the function of the vacuole?

A

It is found in the cytoplasm and contains cell sap. It helps to improve the cells rigidity.

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12
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

It is made from cellulose (in a plant cell) or peptidogylcan (in a bacterial cell) and provides strength to the cell.

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13
Q

What two things do bacterial cells contain due to their lack of a nucleus?

A
  • circular strand of DNA which floats in the cytoplasm
  • plasmids which are small rings of DNA
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14
Q

What is this the definition of:
A process that involves the cell gaining new sub-cellular structures in order for it to be suited to its role

A

Cell differentiation/specialisation

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15
Q

What is the name of the type of cell that can differentiate or specialise?

A

Stem cell

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16
Q

Name three examples of specialised cells in animals:

A

Sperm cell - streamlined head, long tail, lots of mitochondria, digestive enzymes in the acrosome (top of head)
Nerve cell - axon is long, extensions from cell body (called dendrites), lots of mitochondria in nerve endings
Muscle cells - special proteins (myosin and actin) that slide over each other, lots of mitochondria, store glycogen (used in respiration)

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17
Q

Name three types of specialised cells in plants:

A

Root hair cell - large surface area, large vacuole, lots of mitochondria
Xylem cell - lignin cauces cells to die (to form continuos hollow tube), lignin deposited to help withstand pressure
Phloem cells - sieve plates that break down (to allow movement of substances between cells), have companion cells with lots of mitochondria to provide energy

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18
Q

What is the definition of mitosis?

A

When a cell divides into two identical daughter cells

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19
Q

What is a chromosome and how many pairs do humans have?

A

They are coils of DNA and humans contain 23 pairs, resulting in 46 chromosomes in each cell

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20
Q

What is a gene?

A

A gene is a short section of DNA that codes for a protein and controls a characteristic

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21
Q

How many chromosomes are in each gamete (sex cell)?

A

23

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22
Q

What stages occur in mitosis?

A

Cells grow, organelles grow and increase in number, proteinsynthesis occurs, DNA is replicated, and energy stores are released
The chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell and cell fibres pull each chromosome of the ‘X’ to either side of the cell
Two identical daughter cells form when the cytoplasm and cell membranes divide

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23
Q

When does mitosis occur?

A
  • for growth and development
  • when replacing damaged cells
  • (asexual reproduction) to produce offspring by replicating own cells
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24
Q

What is the definition of a stem cell?

A

An undifferentiated cell which can undergo division to produce many more similar cells,of which some will differentiate to have different functions

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25
Q

What is the definition of active transport?

A

The movement of particles from a low concentration to a high contraction (against the concentration gradient) against a partially permeable membrane. It requires energy from respiration

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26
Q

Why is active transport needed in root hair cells?

A

To take up water and mineral ions which are usually in higher concentration in the cells so diffusion cannot take place

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27
Q

Why is active transport needed in the gut?

A

Glucose and amino acids from foods need to move from the gut into the blood stream and sometimes there can be a lower concentration of sugar molecules in the gut than the blood meaning diffusion cannot take place

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28
Q

Benefits of a light microscope

A
  • cheap to make
  • allow you to see the outline of cells
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29
Q

Benefits of an electron microscope

A
  • visualise finer details - such as organelles
  • greater resolving power and higher resolution
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30
Q

What is the calculation for magnification

A

Magnification = image size/actual size

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31
Q

What is the significant difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus which their DNA is found in - plant & animal cells

32
Q

What is an example of prokaryotic cells and where is their DNA found

A

Bacteria - in plasmids in the cytoplasm

33
Q

How do bacteria multiply

A

By binary fission every 10 minutes

34
Q

Why are aseptic techniques used

A

To ensure nothing else contaminates the culture

35
Q

What is the method for making cultures

A
  1. Lift lid of petri dish towards a flame
  2. Put a drop of culture on Agar jelly and spread around evenly
  3. Put drops or discs of antibiotics on culture if being used to test
  4. Secure the lid with tape to allow oxygen in for aerobic respiration
  5. Incubate at 25°C
  6. Measure size of cultures or areas of no bacteria using area of a circle
36
Q

What is a human cell called that has 23 pairs of chromosomes

A

A diploid

37
Q

What is a gamete called that has only 23 chromosomes

A

A haploid

38
Q

Why do cells use mitosis

A

To make new diploid cells for growth and repair

39
Q

What are the steps of mitosis

A
  1. Nucleus dissolves and genetic material is duplicated
  2. The two sets of chromosomes move to different sides of the cell
  3. Mitochondria, ribosomes and other organelles are duplicated
  4. The cell divides producing two genetically identical diploid cells
  5. New nuclei are formed or the nucleus divides
40
Q

Where are stem cells found in plants and in animals

A

Plants - meristems
Animals - bone marrow or embryos

41
Q

What is the only type of cell that stem cells in bone marrow can specialise into

A

Blood cells

42
Q

Why can embryo clones be useful

A

Means stem cells can be harvested and used to treat conditions without being rejected by the patient

43
Q

How can cloning plants be useful

A

Can be used to preserve species or produce crops with desired traits such as resistance to certain diseases

44
Q

What is the definition of diffusion

A

The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration across a partially permeable membrane

45
Q

What is the definition of osmosis

A

The diffusion of water across a partially permeable membrane to balance the concentrations from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration

46
Q

What changes the rate of diffusion

A
  1. Difference in concentrations
  2. Surface area
  3. Temperature
47
Q

What is the method for the osmosis practical

A
  1. Cut and weigh equal size cylinders of potato and place in sugar solutions of varying concentrations
  2. After set tune, remove and pat off excess water and re weigh
  3. Calculate % change in mass = (final mass - initial mass)/initial mass x 100
  4. Plot % against sugar concentrations, draw line of best fit and where is crosses the x-axis is the concentration that should result in no change in mass
  5. The value should reflect the concentration of the potato
48
Q

What is active transport

A

The movement of particles through a membrane via carrier proteins. This requires energy so things can be moved against the concentration gradient

49
Q

What is the definition of a tissue

A

Group of similar cells that work together to perform a function

50
Q

What is an organ

A

A group of tissues that work together to perform a specific function

51
Q

What is an organ system

A

A group of organs that work together to como,este a specific function

52
Q

Describe what happens to food once it enters the mouth

A
  1. Teeth mechanically break down food and amylase is released from salivary glands
  2. Stomach contains hydrochloric acid and enzymes work together the chemically break down food
  3. The liver produces bile which is stored in the gall bladder and is released into the small intestine to emulsify fats to form droplets and increase the surface area
  4. Pancreas secretes amylase which breaks down starch inti glucose in the small intestine
  5. Nutrients are absorbed by the villi in the small intestine
  6. Water is reabsorbed into the bloodstream in the large intestine
53
Q

What are enzymes

A

Proteins that act as biological catalysts

54
Q

What does amylase break down and what is the product

A

Starch —> glucose

55
Q

Why is amylase found

A

Small intestine and salivary glands and produced in pancreas

56
Q

What do proteases break down and what is the products

A

Proteins —> amino acids

57
Q

What do lipases break down and what are the products

A

Lipids —> glycerol and fatty acids

58
Q

What is the lock and key principle

A

The substrates binds to its particular active site to form a complex, only works if the two are the correct shale for each other

59
Q

What affects the rate of enzyme activity

A

Temperature - too low causes slow rate, too high causes denaturing
pH - too low causes denaturing, too high causes denaturing

60
Q

What is the method for the enzyme practical

A
  1. Mix amylase with starch at different temperatures or different pH buffer solutions
  2. Once mixed, start timing and every 10 seconds remove a couple of drops to put in a spotted tile dimple with iodine in
  3. The iodine will turn black to begin with as starch will still be present however it will eventually stay orange as no starch is present
  4. Calculate time taken for reaction to occur and draw a graph with a curved line of best fit
  5. Area between two lowest points are the optimum values
61
Q

What is the food test for starch

A

Iodine turns from orange to black

62
Q

What food test is used for sugar

A

Benedict’s solution turns from blue to orange

63
Q

What food test is used for protein

A

Biurets reagent turns from blue to purple

64
Q

What is the food test for lipids

A

Cold ethanol turns cloudy

65
Q

What is a double circulatory system

A

When blood enters the heart twice every time it is pumped around the body

66
Q

What are the steps of blood travel around the heart

A
  1. Deoxygenated blood from the body enters via the vena cava into the right atrium
  2. Travels through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle
  3. Heart contracts and blood leaves through the pulmonary artery to the lungs
  4. Oxygenated blood renters the heart via the pulmonary vein into the left atrium
  5. Travels through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle
  6. Heart contracts and blood leaves through aorta to the body
67
Q

Why does the left side have thicker walls

A

Because it needs to pump blood around the whole body at high pressure

68
Q

What are the group of cells near the right atrium in charge of

A

Creating an electrical pulse which causes the heart to contract

69
Q

What are some features of arteries

A
  • carry blood away from heart
  • thick walls and thin lumen to withstand high pressure
70
Q

What are some features of veins

A
  • carries blood back to the heart
  • thin walls and wide lumen
  • contain valves to prevent back flow
71
Q

What are some features of capillaries

A
  • walls are one cell thick
  • allow diffusion between blood and cells
72
Q

What is coronary heart disease

A

When the artery supplying blood to the heart becomes blocked by fatty deposits

73
Q

How do stents help CHD

A

Mesh tubes inserted into vessels to keep them open and allow blood flow to carry on

74
Q

How do statins help CHD

A

Drugs that reduce cholesterol and in turn reduce fatty deposits

75
Q

What is a communicable disease

A

A disease caused by a pathogen that can be spread

76
Q

What is a non communicable disease

A

A disease caused by something inside the body that cannot be passed on

Biology - Paper 1 (4 decks)

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