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Biology🔬🧬 > Cell biology > Flashcards

Cell biology Flashcards

1
Q

Animal cell contents

A

Lysosome, golgi body, mitochondria, centriole, ribosomes, RER, cell membrane, nuclear pore, nucleolus, chromatin, nuclear envelope, vesicle

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2
Q

Plant cells content

A

Nucleolus, vacuole, cell wall, cell membrane, mitochondria, chloroplast, golgi body ribosomes, cytoplasm, nucleus, SER, plasmodesma, nucleus pore and envelope, tonoplast

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3
Q

nucleus

A

Contains DNA codes for protein synthesis- Site of transcription
DNA also provides templates for DNA replication
Bounded by two membranes- envelope, pore: Allows passage of large molecules eg. Mrna
outer membrane is continuous with endoplasmic reticulum

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4
Q

Within the nucleus

A

Granular material in nucleus is nucleoplasm containing chromatin- made of coils of DNA bound to protein during cell division.
condenses into chromosomes
Within the nucleus are 1 or more small spherical bodies called nucleolus

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5
Q

mitochondria content

A

Matrix, outer membrane, inner membrane space, inner membrane, 70S ribosomes, cristae, DNA

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6
Q

Function of mitochondria

A

produces ATP in aerobic respiration

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7
Q

Inter membrane space- mitochondria

A

2 membranes separated by a narrow, fluid filled inter membrane space
Inner membrane is folded inwards to form cristae

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8
Q

organic matrix- mitochondria

definition

A

solution containing compounds eg. Lipids, proteins

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9
Q

Circle of DNA- mitochondria

A

So mitochondrion can replicate and code for some of its proteins and RNA

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10
Q

70s ribosomes- mitochondria

A

allows protein synthesis

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11
Q

Functions of features- mitochondria

A

Some reactions occur in the matrix and other in the inner membrane
Christie provides large service area for attachment of enzymes involved in respiration
Cylinder shape reduces diffusion distance between the edge and the centre- Making aerobic respiration more efficient
muscle cells contain lots of mitochondria as they require more energy for frequent relaxation and contraction

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12
Q

function of chloroplast

A

Occur in the cell of photosynthesizing tissue

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13
Q

Chloroplast content

A

Each chloroplast is surrounded by two membranes comprising chloroplast envelope
Stroma- Fluid filled containing some products of photosynthesis
70s ribosomes and circular DNA- Enable them to make some of their own protein and self replicate

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14
Q

within the stroma

A
  • flattened sacs called thylakoids
  • stack of them called granum’s
    -chlorophyll found in thylakoids
  • arrangements produces large SA efficient for trapping light energy
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15
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Parallel double membranes forming flattened sacks with interconnected fluid filled spaces between them- cisternae

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16
Q

rough ER (RER)

A

Has ribosomes on the outer surface transporting proteins made there
80s manufacturers and transport proteins

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17
Q

smooth ER (SER)

A

Comprises membranes that lack ribosomes, associated with transportation and synthesis of lipids

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18
Q

ribosomes

A

1 large and 1 small subunit
Assembled in a nucleus from rRNA and protein
Involved in protein synthesis
70s found in bacteria and mitochondria
80s in RER

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19
Q

Golgi body function

A

processes and packages proteins

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20
Q

Golgi body features

A

vesicles- contain polypeptides, pinch off RER fusing with stack of membranes, which constitute the golgi body

At the other end of the Golgi, vehicles containing modified proteins are pinched off.
May carry proteins elsewhere in the cell or move to and fuse with the cell membrane, secreting modified proteins by exocytosis

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21
Q

Lysosomes

A

Small temporary vacuole surrounded by a single membrane- Formed by being pinched off from the golgi body

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22
Q

Lysosome functions

A

Contain and isolate potentially harmful digestive enzymes from the remainder of the cell
Get rid of all damaged organelles by surrounding and digesting them
Digest material taken into the cell
Involved in cell death
Eg. They fuse with a vesicle when white blood sell engulfs bacteria by phagocytosis and their enzyme digest bacteria

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23
Q

Centrioles- in animal cells

A

Located just outside the nucleus
Two rings of microtubules make hollow cylinders positioned at right angles to one another

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24
Q

centriole function

A

Cell division- Centrioles organised microtubules to make the spindle

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25
Q

Vacoule

A

Fluid filled sac
Bounded by a single membrane- tonoplast
Contain sap

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26
Q

vacuole function

A

maintains turger your pressure and keeps the cell firm

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27
Q

Cell wall

A

Consists of mostly cellulose- Held together in microfibrils
Microfibrils are arrogated into fibres, embedded in polysaccharide matrix- pectin

28
Q

Cell wall functions- transport

A

Gaps between cellulose fibres make cell wall fully permeable to water and solvents Outside cell called Apoplast
Apoplast pathway- main way water crosses plant root

29
Q

cell wall functions- mechanical strength

A

structure of microfibrils and laminated arrangement makes cell wall very strong
When vacuole is full of solution, cell content push against the cell wall- resisting expansion and cell becomes turgid supporting the plant

30
Q

cell wall functions- communication between cells

A

Has pits which strands of cytoplasm (plasmodesmata) pass
Occurs when no cellulose is present to thicken between 2 cells
Strands run from 1 cell to the next

31
Q

differences in plant & animal cells
cell wall, chlroplast, plasmodesma, vacuole, centrioles,enedgy store

A

cell wall:
A- absent
P- present, surrounds cell membrane
Chloroplast:
A-absent
P-present, in cells above ground
Plasmodesmata:
A- absent
P- present
Vacuole:
A-present, small temperory scattered throughout cell
P- present, large permanent,cell sap
Centrioles:
A- present
P- absent from higher plant cells
Energy store:
A- glycogen
P- starch

32
Q

organelles are interrelated

A
  1. Nucleus contains chromosomes- DNA codes proteins
  2. Nuclear pore in nuclear envelope allows mRNA molecules, transcribed in DNA, to leave nucleus and attach to ribosomes in cytoplasm
  3. ribosomes contain rRNA transcribed from DNA in nucleolus
  4. Protein synthesis on ribosomes, produce primary structure proteins
  5. Polypeptides on ribosomes move through RER- packaged into vesicles
  6. Vehicles bud off R E R carrying polypeptides to golgi body- Modified unfolded
  7. Golgi body produces vehicles containing newly synthesised proteins eh. Lysosomes, secretory vesicles to carry proteins to cell membrane
  8. Phospholipids and triglycerides move through SER to various areas in the cell
33
Q

Prokaryotic cells: Bacteria

A

no nucleus
Rarely form multicellular structures- unicellular

34
Q

In all prokaryotes

A
  • DNA molecule loose in cytoplasm
  • Peptidoglycun (murein)
    -cell wall
    -70s ribosomes
  • cytoplasm
  • cell membrane
35
Q

in some prokaryotes

A
  • Slime coat
  • flagella
  • Photosynthetic lamellae holding photosynthetic pigments
  • Mesosome, possible site for aerobic respiration
36
Q

Differences between P and E cells
Length, organelles, dna. Nuclear envelope, cell wall contents , plasmids chloroplasrs, mitochondja, mesosome, ribosomes

A

length:
P- small 1-10 mm
E- larger 10-100 mm
Organelles:
P- none
E- membrane bound
DNA:
P- free in cytoplasm
E- combined w protein in chromosomes
Nuclear envelope
P- none
E- double membrane
Cell wall
P- peptidoglycan (murein)
E- cellulose, chitin
Plasmids:
P- may be present
E- absent
Chloroplasts:
P- none,photosynthetic lamellae
E- in some plants
Mitochondria:
P- none,mesosome
E- present
Mesosome:
P- in some
E- absent
Ribosomes:
P- 70s, free in cytoplasm
E- 80s, free in cytoplasm, attached to ER

37
Q

Viruses

A
  • Small, pass through filters trapping bacteria
  • acellular
  • no organelles, cytoplasm, chromosomes
  • outside cell, Virus exists as an inert vision
  • each virus is made up of core of nucleic acid, surrounding protein coat
  • bacteriophage virus attack bacteria
  • crystalised, only reproduce
  • Take over cells metabolism and multiply inside
38
Q

Level of organisms

A

Differentiation: development of cells

CELL- Smallest self supporting unit of living things
TISSUE- Group of more or less similar specialised cells working together with a common purpose
ORGAN- A group of different tissue working together with a common purpose
ORGAN SYSTEM- Group of several different organs working together for a major body function

39
Q

Epithial tissue

A

Forms continuous layer, covering or lining of the body surface
No blood vessel, may have nerve ending
Basement membrane: collagen and protein
Protects organs (peritoneum)
Secretory (lining of gut, salivary gland)
Absorptive (small intestine lining)

40
Q

Types of tissue

A

Epithelial- covering tissue
Connective- Cells with extracellular material connects organs
Muscle- Contractile tissue
Nervous- electrical tissue

41
Q

cuboidal epithial

A

One cell thick
Found in proximal convoluted tubular of kidney nephron and salivary gland ducts

42
Q

squamous epithelial

A

Thin flattened cells
Found in thin layer surfaces allowing diffusion
Forms walls on alveoli and line the Bauman’s capsule of Nephron
Low friction linings eh. Peritoneum

43
Q

columnar epithelial

A

Tall elongated cells
Functions:
Mechanical- Support structure eg gall bladder
Secretary- Lots of Golgi to modify proteins eg thyroid gland
Absorptive- Small intestine

44
Q

specialised columnar epithelial

A

Micro Villi increase surface area for absorption
Goblet cells make mucus to line the tissue
Cillia creates movement

45
Q

Connective tissue

A

connects, supports or separates tissue and organs
Contains elastic and collagen fibres in an extracellular fluid/ matrix
Between fibres are fat storing cells (adipocytes) and cells of immune system

46
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

found in the heart
Same striations- lack long fibres of skeletal
Contract rhymically without any stimulation- doesn’t tire/ cramp

47
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Voluntary/ striated muscle
Bonds of long cells/ fibres

48
Q

smooth muscle

A

contracts rhymicaly, occur in blood vessel walls
Involuntary muscles, unstriated

49
Q

Plant tissues

A

Packing- fill bulk of stem, root, leaf
Supporting - cell with strong thick wall, support plant
Vascular - xylem, pholem: Vascular bundles
Protective - protects plant

50
Q

xylem

A

Transport water and minerals from roots
Thickened Angular Wars called vessels line up on top of each other
No cytoplasm
Water moves through cavity

51
Q

pholem

A

Transport sugar from leaves to stem and roots
Smaller and less thickened walls
Line up to form long pipes
End walls of cells have perfarations

52
Q

calculation conversions

A

1000nm= 1 micron
1000 micron= 1mm
1000mm= 1m
1000m=1km
1cm=10mm

53
Q

artifact

A

Man made distortions and defects

54
Q

Types of microscopes

A

Light microscope
Transmission Electron microscope
Scanning electron microscope

55
Q

what causes artifacts

A

Harsh chemicals and treatments

56
Q

TEM

A

Electrons pass through thin sections and dense tissue absorbs more electrons
It allows to see the ultra structure of a cell
Less dense, less absorbing
Section through the cell in 2D

57
Q

SEM

A

Detailed image of surface structure
Higher magnification and resolution
Samples must be dead because used in vacuum
Harsh fixatives
3D

58
Q

Why is a vacuum created in the column

A

Electron beams are so thin that electrons in the air can block or defect the beam

59
Q

function of a microscope

A

View cells that can’t be seen by the naked eye

60
Q

magnification

A

Degree to which size of object is enlarged

61
Q

Resolution

A

Degree to which is possible to distinguish between two objects which are very close together

62
Q

light microscope

A

No harsh chemicals used
can see living cells
Low resolution and magnification

63
Q

use of stain

A

contrast

64
Q

Vibrations in microscope

A

The microscope must be very stable as vibrations will deflect the beam

65
Q

gold in electron microscope

A

Reflects images/ objects

66
Q

electron microscope

A

Greater magnification resolution
Uses harsh chemicals therefore specimen is dead

67
Q
A

Biology🔬🧬 (11 decks)

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