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Biology Paper 1 > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the formula for magnification in a microscope?

A

Magnification= image size/ real size

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2
Q

How do you make an image clearer on a microscope?

A

Adjust the fine focus knob to get a clear image. If it needs to zoom in use a higher powered objective lens and zoom in.

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3
Q

What is differentiation?

A

a cell becomes specialised

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4
Q

How is a sperm cell specialised?

A

Long tail: easy to swim.
Lots of mitochondria: give energy
Enzymes: digest through egg cell membrane

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5
Q

How are nerve cells specialised?

A

Long + branched connections: connect to nerve cells, form a network

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6
Q

How are muscle cells specialised?

A

Long + mitochondria: gives energy

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7
Q

How are root hair cells specialised?

A

Hairs: large surface area to absorb water

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8
Q

How are the phloem and xylem specialised?

A

Long and joined to transport substances. Xylem are hallow so things can flow through

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9
Q

What are chromosomes and ?

A

Cooked up lengths of DNA which carry a large number of genes.

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10
Q

What are the two parts of the cell cycle?

A

Mitosis and growth & dna replication

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11
Q

How does growth and dna replication work?

A

Cell grows, duplicates it’s DNA to form chromosomes.

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12
Q

How does mitosis work?

A

Chromosomes line up in the centre and split. Membranes form around both to form 2. Cytoplasm and cell membrane divide. There is now 2 cells

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13
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Spreading out of particles from high conc to low conc.

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14
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Movement of water across a partially permeable surface from high water conc to low water conc.

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15
Q

What is active transport?

A

Movement from low to high conc.

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16
Q

How do enzymes work?

A

They increase the speed of reactions without being used up by providing an alternative pathway.

17
Q

What happens to the ROR if you increase the temp?

A

Bonds of enzymes break and won’t fit in the active site. Becomes denatured

18
Q

How do you test for sugars?

A

Benedict’s solution

19
Q

How do you test for starch?

A

Iodine solution

20
Q

How do you test for protein?

A

Biuret solution

21
Q

What is a stent?

A

Tubes inside the arteries that keeps them open to allow blood to flow and the heart beat

22
Q

What is a statin?

A

Drugs that reduce the amount of ‘bad’ cholesterol in the bloodstream.

23
Q

Disadvantages of statins

A

Long term: some people forget
Negative side effects: headaches
Effects aren’t instant

24
Q

What is cancer caused by?

A

Uncontrolled growth and division

25
Q

What are the lifestyle risk factors of cancer?

A

Smoking, obesity, UV exposure

26
Q

What is translocation?

A

Pores in cell walls allow sap to flow through

27
Q

What is transpiration?

A

Evaporation on plants surface. Creates shortage in water. Water drawn up through xylem from the roots.

28
Q

What is the transpiration rate affected by?

A

Light intensity, temp, air flow, humidity

29
Q

How do guard cells work?

A

Open and close the stomata. When plant has lots of water- open for photosynthesis.

30
Q

In what 5 ways do plants use glucose?

A

Respiration, making cellulose, making amino acids, store oils and fats, stored as starch

31
Q

What can limit the rate of photosynthesis?

A

Light, conc of co2, temperature, chlorophyll

32
Q

What is respiration?

A

Transferring energy from glucose to every crll

33
Q

Why does respiration transfer energy?

A

To build larger molecules, allow muscles to contract, body temp constant

34
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

Using oxygen. Glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water

35
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

Without oxygen. Incomplete breakdown of glucose. Glucose -> lactic acid.

36
Q

How does anaerobic respiration happen in plants and yeast?

A

Glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide

37
Q

What is oxygen debt?

A

Amount of extra oxygen your body needs to react with the build up of lactic acid and remove it from the cells

Biology Paper 1 (2 decks)

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