Cell biology

Question 1

What are the differences between a prokaryotic and a eukaryotic cell?

Answer 1

• eukaryotic cells are larger than prokaryotic
  -eukaryotic have a membrane bound DNA (the nucleus) but prokaryotic do not.
• eukaryotic have membrane bound organelles

Question 2

Name prokaryotic cells

Answer 2

-bacteria

Question 3

Name eukaryotic cells

Answer 3

-plant cells
-animal cells

Question 4

What is a cell?

Answer 4

smallest unit of a living thing

Question 5

What is the function of the nucleus? (animal + plant cell)

Answer 5

Contains genetic material, including DNA, which controls the cell’s activities.

Question 6

What is the function of cytoplasm? (animal, plant + bacteria cell)

Answer 6

a solvent in which chemical reactions take place.

Question 7

What is the function of mitochondria (animal + plant cell)?

Answer 7

Organelles that contain the enzymes for respiration, and where most energy is released in respiration.

Question 8

What is the function of ribosomes? (bacteria, anima + plant cells)

Answer 8

Tiny structures where protein synthesis occurs.

Question 9

What is the function of the chloroplasts? (plant cells)

Answer 9

Organelles that contains the green pigment, chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy for photosynthesis. Contains the enzymes needed for photosynthesis.

Question 10

What is the function of the cell wall? (plant + bacteria cells)

Answer 10

Made from cellulose fibres (only plant cell) and strengthens the cell and supports the plant.

Question 11

What is the function of the permanent vacuole?

Answer 11

Filled with cell sap to help keep the cell turgid.

Question 12

How small is a eukaryotic cell?

Answer 12

5µm- 100µm

Question 13

How small is a prokaryotic cell?

Answer 13

0.2 µm - 2.0µm

Question 14

What is the function of the Flagellum (bacteria cells)?

Answer 14

These can rotate or move in a whip-like motion to move the bacterium.

Question 15

What are bacteria cell walls made up of?

Answer 15

peptidoglycan

Question 16

What is the function of the chromosomal DNA (bacteria cells)?

Answer 16

The DNA of bacterial cells is found loose in the cytoplasm and is not contained within a nucleus. It is a self- replicating genetic element.

Question 17

What is the function of the plasmid DNA? (bacteria cells)

Answer 17

small, closed-circles of DNA called plasmids present in their cytoplasm. plasmid DNA can move from one bacterium to another which allows bacteria to tansfer genetic information between them.

Question 18

How is a sperm cell adapted to its function? (4 ways)

Answer 18

- Long tail (a tail to move them towards an egg cell.)
-Lots of Mitochondria( produce energy for the movement of the sperm)
- Pointy Head (allows the sperm to penetrate the egg)
- nucleus (contains genetic material which combines with the eggs genetic material)

Question 19

How is a nerve cell adapted to its function? (4 ways)

Answer 19

- dendrite (receive many signals from other neurons)
- nucleus (responsible for cell function)
- long axon (carries nerve impulses away from the cell body over a large distance.)
myelin sheath (fatty insulator which helps speed up transmition of nerve impulses)
- synapse (connect neurons and help transmit information from one neuron to the next.)

Question 20

How is a muscle cell adapted to its function? (3 ways)

Answer 20

- protein filament (slide over each other to cause muscle contraction.)
- multiple nuclei (to enhance oxygen uptake and tissue repair)
- lots of mitochondria (provide the energy for muscle contraction.)

Question 21

What is the function of a sperm cell?

Answer 21

to fertilise an egg, pass on its genetic information and produce the next generation.

Question 22

What is the function of a nerve cell?

Answer 22

transmits electrical impulses from the body to the brain and back to the body

Question 23

What is the function of a muscle cell?

Answer 23

Thefunction of muscle cellsis to perform movement.

Question 24

How is a root hair cell adapted for its function? (2 ways)

Answer 24

-root hair ( increases surface area to increase the rate of absorption through osmosis.)
- mitochondria ( allow active transport of mineral ions from the soil and into the roots)

Question 25

Fill in the gaps:
Phloem cells transport ______ _________ through the plant in ____ directions (called ___________)
- _____ ______ containing ______ allow the movement of food
- made of ______ cells which are elongated and _____ to allow for the movement of substances.

Answer 25

• organic substances
• all
  -translocation
  -sieve plates
  -pores
• living
  -hollow

Question 26

Fill in the gaps:
xylem cells transport _____ and ______ ions in ___ direction
- composed of ______ tubes strengthened by _____ adapted for the transport of water via the ___________ stream
-made of ____ cells

Answer 26

• water and mineral ions
• hollow
  -lignin
• transpiration
  -dead