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Biology: Module 2 > Cell Division > Flashcards

Cell Division Flashcards

1
Q

What happens during interphase?

A

G1: Cell growth, protein synthesis
S: DNA replicates= chromosomes consist of 2 sister chromatids
G2: Organelles divide, cell grows

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2
Q

What is the purpose of mitosis?

A

Produces 2 genetically identical daughter cells

Growth
Repair
Asexual Reproduction

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3
Q

What happens during prophase?

A
  1. Chromosomes condense
  2. Centrioles move to opposite poles
  3. Nuclear envelope and nucleus break down = chromosomes free in cytoplasm
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4
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

Sister chromatids line up at the equator (metaphase plate) attached by their centromeres to the mitotic spindle.

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5
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A
  1. Spindle fibres contract/ shorten = centromeres divide
  2. Sister chromatids seperated and are pulled to opposite ends
  3. Spindle fibres break down
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6
Q

What happens during telophase?

A

Chromosomes decondense

new nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes

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7
Q

What happens during cytokinesis?

A

cell membrane cleavage furrow forms

division of cytoplasm

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8
Q

How is the cell cycle regulated?

A

Checkpoints, regulated by cell signalling proteins

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9
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Produces 4 genetically different haploid cells known as gametes

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10
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

A pair of chromosomes with genes at the same loci

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11
Q

How does meiosis produce genetic variation?

A

Crossing over during meiosis 1
Independent assortment

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12
Q

What is crossing over?

A

Homologous chromosomes touch at points known as chiasmata and exchange genetic information

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13
Q

Prophase I

A

Chromatin condenses
Nuclear envelope breaks down
Centrioles move to opposite poles
Crossing over occurs between homologous chromosomes

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14
Q

Metaphase I

A

Spindle fibres attach to centromeres and chromosomes line up at the equator (metaphase plate)

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15
Q

Anaphase I

A

Homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles
Spindle fibres shorten

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16
Q

Telophase I and cytokinesis

A

Telophase I:
Spindle breaks down
2 daughter cells form
nuclear envelope reforms

Cytokinesis:
Cytoplasm splits

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17
Q

What is the purpose of Meiosis I?

A

Variation and production of halpoid cells

18
Q

Prophase II

A

Chromatin condenses
Nuclear envelopes break down
Centrioles move to opposite poles

19
Q

Metaphase II

A

Spindle fibres attach to the centromeres and chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate

20
Q

Anaphase II

A

The centromeres divide and the chromatids are pulled to opposite poles

21
Q

Telophase II

A

Chromosomes uncoil
Nuclear envelope reforms

22
Q

General overview of meiosis

A

Meiosis 1: Homologous chromosomes are seperated from eachother, with one chromosome from each pair going into one of the two daughter cells

Meiosis 2: sister chromatids from each chromosome are seperated

23
Q

During which of these stages of cell division do chromatids separate and move to the poles of the spindle?
A. Anaphase of mitosis and anaphase 1 of meiosis
B. Anaphase of mitosis and anaphase 2 of meiosis
C. Anaphase 1 and 2 of meiosis
D. Anaphase of mitosis only

A

B. Anaphase of mitosis and anaphase 2 of meiosis

24
Q

Why is the formation of the chiasmata an important feature of meiosis

A

It prevents homologous chromosomes from pairing

25
Q

What is the importance of mitosis for growth

A

Produces new cells
Each new cell is genetically identical to the parent cells & performs same function

26
Q

What is the importance of mitosis for repair

A

Damaged cells need to be replaced & perform the same functions so need to be genetically identical

27
Q

What is the importance of mitosis for asexual reproduction

A

Single celled organisms divide to produce two daughter cells that are separate organisms.
Some multicellular organisms produce offspring from parts of the parent

Number of chromosomes remains

28
Q

Cell division by budding yeast

A

Nucleus divides by mitosis
Cell swells and one side bulges
Nucleus, cytoplasm & organelles move into the bud and it pinches off
cell wall forms

29
Q

How can meiosis and fertilisation lead to variation through independent assortment of alleles

A

Meiosis:
Crossing over of genetic info
Random distribution of maternal and paternal chromosomes in the homologous pairs leads to genetic assortment
Random mutations

Fertilisation:
Random combinations of two sets of chromosomes, one from each of the two genetically unrelated individuals

30
Q

Define the term differentiation with reference to the production of red blood cells and neutrophils

A

Produced from stem cells in the bone marrow

Cells becoming specialist in order to complete a specific function

Erythrocytes:
Lose their nucleus, golgi and RER
Filled with haemoglobin
Become biconcave

Neutrophils:
Many lysosomes with enzymes
many microfilaments and microtubules
Many ribosomes
Many mitochondria
Many receptors

31
Q

The production of xylem vessels and phloem sieve tube elements from the cambium

A

Meristem cells

Xylem:
meristem cells elongate and walls are lined with lignin
ends of the vessels break down

Phloem:
Cells elongate, lose cytoplasm and nucleus
ends do not break down completely
Companion cells formation

32
Q

define “tissue”

A

A group of similar specialised cells that perform a particular function together

33
Q

define “organ”

A

A collection of tissue that work to perform a particular function together

34
Q

define “organ system”

A

A number of organs working together to perform an overall life function

35
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

A cell that is undifferentiated and unspecialised but is capable of mitosis and is able to differentiate and become other cell types

36
Q

How are neutrophils specialised?

A

Flexible shape - engulf foreign particles
many lysosomes - enzymes

37
Q

How are epithelial cells specialised?

A

cilia - aids movement
microvilli - increase SA
Flattened - short diffusion pathway

38
Q

How are sperm cells specialised?

A

Many mitochondria
Lysosomes in head
small, long & thin

39
Q

How are palisade cells specialised?

A

Long & thin - maximum absorption of light
Thin walls - short diffusion pathway

40
Q

How are root hair cells specialised?

A

Hair like projections - increase SA

41
Q

How are guard cells specialised?

A

Thick cellulose on the outer wall - means they do not burst

Vacuole - turgid

many mitochondria - ATP for active transport

Biology: Module 2 (7 decks)

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