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Bio 30 IB > Cell Division > Flashcards

Cell Division Flashcards

1
Q

Why do cells reproduce instead of just grow larger?

A

If they grow beyond a certain size, they will not be able to carry out any metabolic functions.

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2
Q

Name 3 reasons why cells divide.

A

Growth/differentiation, maintenance, repair

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2
Q

What is a somatic cell? A parent cell? Daughter cell?

A

A somatic cell is a cell that is part of the body. A parent cell is the original cell. A daughter cell is a newly formed cell.

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3
Q

What is the cell cycle measured from?

A

Measured from one cell division to the next.

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3
Q

What does it mean for genetic material to be central?

A

It must be appropriately divided between cells.

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4
Q

What is the constricted region in the center of a chromosome called?

A

A centromere.

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5
Q

In eukaryotic cells, where is DNA found?

A

In a eukaryotic cell, DNA is in the membrane bound nucleus.

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6
Q

What state is DNA in when the cell is not dividing?

A

It is unwound and in the chromatin form.

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7
Q

What is the difference between chromatin and chromosome?

A

Chromatin is unwound DNA and chromosome is wounded DNA.

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8
Q

What type of cells contain homologous pairs of chromosomes?

A

Somatic Cells

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9
Q

How many chromosomes do human cells have?

A

46

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10
Q

How many pairs of DNA are non-sex homologous pairs?

A

22

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10
Q

What are some similarities in homologous pairs? (4)

A

Length, gene location, centromere location, and responsible for the same type of characteristics

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11
Q

What are non sex chromosomes called?

A

Autosomes

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11
Q

During replication, a chromosome will form that X shape. What is each half of the X called?

A

Sister chromatids

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12
Q

Are homologous chromosomes identical to each other?

A

No, they share similar characteristics though but carry different alleles of the same gene.

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13
Q

What are genes in regards to DNA?

A

They are areas of DNA that contain specific information.

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13
Q

What are alleles?

A

Slightly different versions of the same gene on homologous chromosomes.

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14
Q

What is a location of the gene on a DNA called?

A

Locus

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15
Q

What is a diploid cell? Haploid? Polyploid?

A

Diploid cells have two sets of homologous chromosomes. Haploids have one set and polyploids have more than 2 sets.

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16
Q

What type of cell are used for karyotypes?

A

Stained chromosomes from a dividing cell.

16
Q

What does a karyotype check for?

A

Differences/abnormalities which could infer a genetic disorder.

17
Q

What are the three phases of the interphase stage? What is another name of the interphase stage?

A

G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase. Another name for the interphase stage is growth stage.

17
Q

What happens in the G1, S and G2 phase? Describe the state the DNA is in for each.

A

G1=cell growth (organelle replication) The DNA is 46 single strands of chromatin.
S/Syntehsis phase = DNA is replicated The DNA is 46 double strands of chromatin.
G2= second growth stage which rebuilds energy reserves and prepares the cell for division. Cell manufactures proteins and materials for cell division. DNA is in the chromosome state.

17
Q

What are the two stages of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase stage and division stage.

18
Q

During what stage of the cell cycle does a chromosome form?

A

S phase

19
Q

What happens during mitosis? Cytokinesis?

A

Mitosis is the division of genetic material and the nucleus. Cytokinesis is the division of cytoplasm and organelles.

20
Q

At what stage does a regular cell spend most of its life?

A

The growth stage/interphase.

20
Q

What are the two main processes in the cell division stage?

A

Mitosis and cytokinesis.

21
Q

What process during the cell cycle officially splits the parent and daughter cells?

A

Cytokinesis

22
Q

What do cyclins bind to?

A

Cyclin dependent kinases which are enzymes.

22
Q

What are cyclins?

A

A group of proteins that ensure tasks are performed at the correct time.

23
Q

How do kinases activate the cyclins?

A

They phosphorylate them.

24
Q

What are the four cyclin types and what do part of the cycle do they control?

A

Cyclin D- G0 to G1 and G1 to S
Cyclin E- Prepares DNA for replication in S
Cyclin A- Activates DNA replication in S
Cyclin B- Prepares cell for mitosis in G2 (like promotes mitotic spindle)

24
Q

When is the next cycle triggered in accordance to the levels of cyclin?

A

When cyclin concentrations reach the threshold level.

25
Q

What is the acronym for the 4 cyclin types?

A

DEAB

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Bio 30 IB (4 decks)

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