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Human Biology > Cell Function and Inheritance > Flashcards

Cell Function and Inheritance Flashcards

0
Q

Name 5 types of Globular protein.

A

Enzymes, hormones, antibodies, transport proteins and structural proteins.

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1
Q

What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?

A

To process and package complex molecules ready for discharge from the cell.

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2
Q

Name 4 fibrous proteins and where they are found.

A

Elastin - found in arteries
Collagen - bones, tendons and ligaments
Keratin - hair and nails
Actin+myosin - muscles

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3
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

An enzyme is a biological catalyst which speeds up all biochemical reactions, remaining unchanged at the end.

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4
Q

Name some factors affecting enzyme activity.

A
  • temperature
  • pH
  • enzyme concentration
  • substrate concentration
  • inhibitors
  • enzyme poisoning by hydrogen cyanide
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5
Q

What is the sugar in DNA?

A

Deoxyribose sugar.

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6
Q

What is the sugar in RNA?

A

Ribose sugar.

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7
Q

What is mRNA?

A

Similar to DNA. But RNA is:

  • single stranded
  • bases are A U C G
  • RNA contains ribose sugar
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8
Q

Where in the cell does glycolysis take place?

A

The cytoplasm.

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9
Q

Where in the cell does the Krebs Cycle take place?

A

In the matrix of the mitochondrion.

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10
Q

Where in the cell does the Cytochrome system take place?

A

The cristae of the mitochondrion.

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11
Q

What happens during Glycolysis?

A
  • Glucose (6C) is broken down to produce 2 molecules of pyruvic acid (3C).
  • Net gain of 2 ATP.
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12
Q

What happens during the Krebs Cycle?

A
  • Pyruvic acid converted into Acetyl CoA
  • ACoA combines with 4C to form Citric acid (6C)
  • CO2 released, 5C compound, CO2, 4C, 4C, 4C.
  • Hydrogen carried to Cytochrome system.
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13
Q

What happens in the Cytochrome System (electron transfer system)?

A
  • Hydrogen from Krebs Cycle and Glycolysis is passed along the system converting ADP+Pi to ATP.
  • Net gain of 38 ATP.
  • Final hydrogen acceptor is oxygen which it combines with to produce water (H2O).
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14
Q

Name the three types of carbohydrate and give examples.

A

Monosaccharide - glucose and fructose.
Disaccharide - maltose and sucrose.
Polysaccharide - starch and glycogen.

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15
Q

Describe a lipid molecule.

A
  • Two fatty acid molecules and one phosphate molecule on the glycerol molecule.
  • Hydrophillic head (water loving).
  • Hydrophobic tail (water hating).
  • Head soluble in water but tail insoluble.
16
Q

How would you describe the structure of the cell’s plasma membrane?

A

Phospholipid bilayer.

17
Q

How would you describe diffusion within a cell?

A

Diffusion is the movement of molecules through the cell membrane from a high concentration to a low concentration along a concentration gradient. This requires no energy and is passive.

18
Q

How would you describe osmosis within a cell?

A

Osmosis is the movement of water molecules through a cell membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration alone a concentration gradient. This requires. I energy and is passive.

19
Q

How would you describe active transport within a cell?

A

Active transport is the movement of molecules through a cell membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration AGAINST a concentration gradient. THIS REQUIRES ENERGY and is active.

20
Q

Provide three examples of active transport.

A

Exocytosis, endocytosis and pinocytosis.

21
Q

What are the stages of meiosis?

A 
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
22
Q

What is active immunity?

A

When the body is actively producing antibodies to fight infection.
Vaccinations bring about active immunity.

23
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

Immunity where antibodies are given to a person from the blood of another person or animal.
Lasts for a short period of time.
Example is breastfeeding.

24
Q

Give two methods of virus replication.

A

Lytic cycle and lysogenic cycle

25
Q

Name the five types of gene mutation.

A

Insertion, deletion, duplication, inversion and translocation.

26
Q

What is Non-Disjunction?

A

During meiosis, when two homologous chromosomes, instead of separating, both go into the same gamete.
Causes Down’s Syndrome.
3 copies of chromosome 21.
Also causes Turner’s syndrome, when there is only one sex chromosome.
Klinefelter’s syndrome has three sex chromosomes.

27
Q

What causes genetic mutation?

A
  • mostly occur naturally.
  • sometimes caused by chemicals such as mustard gas, caffeine, and colchicine.
  • irradiation such as UV radiation, X Rays and gamma rays.
28
Q

Carrier molecules involved in the process of active transport are made of…

A

Protein!!!

29
Q

What is the significance of chaisma formation?

A

If permits gene exchange between homologous chromosomes.

30
Q

Name the hormone which stimulates the secretory glands to start producing milk.

A

Prolactin.

31
Q

What name is given to the first fluid that a baby receives from the breast?

A

Colostrum.

Human Biology (1 decks)

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