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AS Biology > Cell Structure > Flashcards

Cell Structure Flashcards

1
Q

Role of nucleus

A

• Contains genetic information (DNA)—> chromatin
• Transcription —> makes mRNA
• Nucleolus —> makes ribosomes
• Nuclear envelope contains nuclear pores- allows for compartmentalisation and movement of ribosomes and mRNA
• Outer membrane is continuous with RER

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2
Q

Role of RER

A

• Protein synthesis (translation)- transported through exocytosis
• Attached to nuclear envelope
• Flattened sacs of cisternae increases surface area

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3
Q

Role of Golgi Body

A

• Made of flattened sacs of cisternae
• MODIFICATION and PACKAGING of proteins
• Transports, modifies and stores lipids
• Lysosomes- vesicle containing lysozyme

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4
Q

Role of SER

A

• No ribosomes
• Synthesis and transport of lipids, steroids and hormones

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5
Q

Role of mitochondria

A

• Aerobic respiration and synthesis of ATP from carbs
• Double membrane- outer membrane controls the entry and exit of material, inner membrane is folded to form cristae
• Matrix contains loop of small circular DNA and 70S ribosomes

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6
Q

Role of ribosomes

A

• Made of protein and rRNA
• Has a small and large subunit
• Translation- protein synthesis to produce collagen and globular proteins

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7
Q

Role of lysosomes

A

• Contains hydrolytic enzymes
• Made by Golgi Body and RER
• Macrophages contain it to kill bacteria
•Autolysis
• Autophagy

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8
Q

Role of centrioles and microtubules

A

• 9+2 arrangement- 2 centrioles arranged at right angles, each consisting of 9 paired microtubules
• 2 centrioles forms a centrosome
• Spindle fibres produced and used in nuclear division

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9
Q

Role of microvilli

A

• Finger like extensions of the cell surface membrane
• Increases surface area of cell surface membrane
• For more efficient absorption or secretion

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10
Q

Role of cilia and flagella

A

• Identical structures but flagella is longer than cilia
• Whip like beating extensions
• Flagella are found in only some eukaryotic cells and many unicellular organisms

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11
Q

Role of chloroplasts

A

• Photosynthesis
• Double membrane- inner membrane is folded into lamellae (controls movement of substances in chloroplast)
• Stroma contains circular loop of DNA, 70S ribosomes and enzymes
• Grana is made up of flattened spaces of thylakoid membranes
• Starch grains are temporary stores of energy

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12
Q

Role of cell wall

A

• Made of cellulose and is fully permeable
• Encloses, supports and protects the cell
• Provides turgidity
• Contain plasmodesmata

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13
Q

Role of vacuole

A

• Holds cell sap
• Holds ions, water, salts, sugars, waste products
• Turgidity
• Hydrolysis reactions (water is present)
• Tonoplast (controls exchange between the vacuole and cytoplasm)

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14
Q

Structure of plant cells

A

• Cell wall made of cellulose
•Plasmodesmata
• Tonoplast
• Large central vacuole
• Chloroplast
• Nucleus
• Starch grains for storage
• Cytoplasm

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15
Q

Structure of Animal cells

A

• Small temporary vacuoles
• Cytoplasm
• Nucleus
• Centrioles
• cilia and flagella

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16
Q

Organelles that can be seen through a light microscope

A

• Nucleus
• Cell wall
• Chloroplast
• Chromosome
• Nucleolus

17
Q

Role of phosphate ions

A

To make DNA/RNA/ATP/phospholipids

18
Q

Role of Magnesium ions

A

To make chlorophyll

19
Q

Role of nitrate ions

A

To make amino acids, which makes proteins for growth

20
Q

Role of ATP (BAMTA)

A

B - bioluminescence/bulk transport
A - active transport
M - muscle contraction/movement
T - thermoregulation
A - linking anabolic and catabolic reactions together

21
Q

Structure of prokaryotes

A

• Unicellular
•1-5 nanometers in diameter
• DNA not surrounded by nuclear membrane
• Loop of circular DNA
• 70S ribosomes
• No double membrane bound organelles
• No nucleolus
• Slime capsule
• Peptidogylcan cell wall
• Plasmids

22
Q

Role of viruses

A

• Non cellular structures
• Contain genetic info in the form of DNA/RNA
• Protein coat —> capsid
• Capsomere
• Endoparasites in host organism

23
Q

Role of plasmodesmata

A

• connects two cells
•facilitates movement of substances
• removes the need to pass membrane
• cell to cell communication

AS Biology (5 decks)

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