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Biology > Cell Structure > Flashcards

Cell Structure Flashcards

1
Q

What may you observe through a light microscope when seeing an animal cell?

A

1) Mitochondrium
2) Nucleus
3) Cytoplasm
4) Cell membrane

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2
Q

What is the wavelength of lightwaves in a light microscope?

A

400-700nm

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3
Q

What is the max magnification of a light microscope?

A

X1500

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4
Q

What is the max resolution of a light microscope?

A

200-350nm

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5
Q

Formula for resolution

A

Res=wavelength÷2

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6
Q

Describe the wavelength and frequency of red and violet light

A

Red light has a greater wavelength and lower frequency. Violet light has a lower wavelength but a higher frequency

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7
Q

Why does an electron microscope have a better resolution and magnification than a light microscope?

A

Because electrons have shorter wavelengths than light

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8
Q

nm - µm

A

÷1000

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9
Q

µm - mm

A

÷1000

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10
Q

mm - cm

A

÷10

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11
Q

mm - µm

A

x1000

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12
Q

Formula for magnification

A

Magnification = size of image ÷ actual size

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13
Q

Define resolution

A

The ability to distinguish between two separate points. Measure of clarity of the image. (the smaller the number the better)

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14
Q

Define magnification

A

The number of times larger an image is compared with the real size of the obejct

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15
Q

How do we divide all living organisms in two?

A

1) Prokaryotes (cell with no nucleus)
2) Eukaryotes (cell with nucleus)

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16
Q

Briefly describe the structure of the nucleus

A

Surrounded by two membranes and has a nuclear pore. Inside the nucleus there are chromatin (contains genetic information) and the nucleolus

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17
Q

Function of nucleus

A

Controls protein synthesis (occurs in cytoplasm). Site of transcription

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18
Q

Function of nucleolus

A

Manufacture of ribosomes

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19
Q

Briefly describe structure of golgi apparatus

A

It has a single membrane and is curved. A stack of flattened sacks called cisternae, surrounded by vesicles.

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20
Q

Function of golgi apparatus

A

Packaging and modification of proteins and production of lysosomes

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21
Q

Define endoplasmicreticulum

A

It is an extensive network of membranes distributed throughout the cytoplasm. Membranes form a system of flattened sacs called cisternae

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22
Q

Function of rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Synthesis and transport of proteins

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23
Q

Describe briefly the structure of rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Has a single membrane. Studded with 80s ribosomes on surface

24
Q

Function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Involved with synthesis and transport of lipids and steroids

25
Q

Briefly describe the structure of lysosomes

A

Spherical sac surrounded by a single membrane. Contains hydrolytic enzymes. Size varies between 100 - 1000nm

26
Q

Why are lysosomes kept separate from the rest of the cell?

A

Contains hydrolytic enzymes which could damage the cells

27
Q

Function of lysosomes

A

They breakdown and digest unwanted structures, such as old organelles

28
Q

Briefly describe the structure of mitochondria

A

It has two membranes, a smooth outer membrane and folded inner membrane cristae. The solution inside is called the matrix. It has small, circular naked DNA and 70s ribosomes

29
Q

Function of mitochondria

A

It produces ATP needed for cellular metabolism (site of aerobic cellular respiration)

30
Q

Briefly describe the structure of ribosomes

A

They consist of two subunits- large and small. They are made out of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins.

31
Q

Function of ribosomes

A

The site of translation (protein synthesis)

32
Q

Briefly describe structure of centriole

A

A hollow cylinder formed from a ring of microtubules

33
Q

Function of centriole

A

Used to grow the spindle fibres used in nuclear division

34
Q

Structure of cilia

A

Microtubules that protrude out from the cell surface membrane (more numerous than the flagella)

35
Q

Structure of microvilli

A

Protrusion of the cell surface membrane (extensions)

36
Q

Briefly describe structure of chloroplast

A

It has a double membrane. Inside there is a fluid known as stroma and 70s ribosomes and a small circular naked DNA

37
Q

Function of chloroplasts

A

Carry out photosynthesis

38
Q

Briefly describe structure of vacuoles

A

Has a single membrane known as the tonoplast

39
Q

Function of vacuoles

A

Storage of water and minerals. Controls the cells water potential

40
Q

Structure of plasmodesmata

A

Fine cytoplasmic thread linking the cytoplasm of two neighbouring cells through a pore in the cell walls

41
Q

Function of plasmodesmata

A

A way for two cells to communicate

42
Q

Function of membrane

A

Is partially permeable and controls exchange between the cell and its environment

43
Q

Functions of cell wall

A

1) Mechanical strength for plant
2) Cells wall prevents bursting of the cell

44
Q

What are cell walls made out of?

A

Cellulose

45
Q

Briefly describe structure of nuclear envelope

A

The nucleus is surrounded by two membranes to form the nuclear envelope. The outer membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum. It has many small pores called nuclear pores

46
Q

What organelles are present in plant cells but not animal cells?

A

Cell wall
Plasmodesmata
Chloroplast

47
Q

Role of ATP

A

This is the energy carrying molecule found in all living cells. It is known as the universal energy carrier

48
Q

Define prokaryotes

A

They are unicellular organisms that lack a true nucleus. Their genetic material liesfree in the cytoplasm

49
Q

Structures that are always present in bacteria

A

Cell wall
Cell surface membrane
Cytoplasm
Circular DNA
Ribosomes

50
Q

Structures that are sometimes present in bacteria

A

Flagellum
Plasmid
Pili
Capsule

51
Q

What are the cell walls in bacterium made of?

A

Peptidoglycan

52
Q

What type of ribosomes are present in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

P- 70s
E- 80s

53
Q

What is the average diameter of prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

P- 0.5-5µm
E- up to 40µm

54
Q

Presence of organelles in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

P- absent
E- present

55
Q

Briefly describe the structure of a virus

A

They have a self replicating DNA or RNA. A protective coat of protein molecules called a capsid. Some viruses have an envelope that is made of phospholipids

Biology (5 decks)

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