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Biology > Cell Theory and Cell Structure and Function > Flashcards

Cell Theory and Cell Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

Cell Theory #1

A

All living things are composed of cells

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2
Q

Cell Theory #2

A

Cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms

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3
Q

Cell Theory #3

A

Cells come only from other cells through reproduction

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4
Q

The discovery of the cell

A

Only possible through the use of microscopes

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5
Q

Robert Hooke (1665)

A

Used an early microscope to compare cork and a plant stem. He viewed similar construction and named them cells.

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6
Q

Anton Von Leeuwenhoek (1673)

A

A dutch microscope maker was the first to observe living cells through a drop of water

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7
Q

Evidence of cell theory #1 + #2

A

Matthia Schledien (1838) found that all parts of plants are composed of cells + Theodor Schwann (1839) claimed that all animals were composed of cells

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8
Q

Evidence of cell theory #3

A

Rudolph Virchow (1855) summarized research on cell reproduction and diseases by stating cells only came from other cells

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9
Q

Cell diversity

A

Cells are not all the same (over 200 types) - may have different sizes, shapes, and internal organization

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10
Q

Cell size

A

Very few cells are visible without aid. Plant and animal cells typically between 10 and 50 nanometers (bacteria cells about 0.2 nanometers)

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11
Q

Why are cells small

A

Cells are limited in size by their surface area-to-volume ratio. (the volume increases faster than the surface area))
(It would not be able to exchange nutrients, wastes, and gases)

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12
Q

Cell shape

A

greatly diverse and reflects the function of the cell

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13
Q

Internal Organization

A

Internal structures called organelles perform specific tasks; the ability of the call to live is dependent on the organelles

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14
Q

Types of cells

A

Eukaryotic + Prokaryotic

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15
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

contains membrane-bound organelles; located in all organisms except bacteria

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16
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A

Does not contain membrane-bound organelles; located in all bacteria

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17
Q

Eukaryotic + Prokaryotic similarities

A

Both have cell membranes, ribosomes, cytoplasm, metabolism, and genetic material in the form of DNA

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18
Q

Eukaryotic + Prokaryotic differences

A
  • Eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles
    -Eukaryotes are 10 to 100x larger than prokaryotes
    -Eukaryotes have a nucleus whereas prokaryotes have a nucleoid region where the DNA is located
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19
Q

Unicellular organism cell structure

A

-The entire organism; does everything; sometimes colonial (living in groups of the same species); can be both prokaryotic or eukaryotic

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20
Q

Multicellular organism cell structure

A
  • Composed of many cells; cells specialized to perform specific functions
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21
Q

Colonial organisms

A
  • groups of genetically identical cells that live together
    -Early unicellular eukaryotes lived in temporary groups or colonies; the colonies take on specialized functions
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22
Q

Tissues

A

Cells are organized into tissues that work together to carry out specific functions

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23
Q

Organs

A

Organs are made up of several types of tissues that interact to carry out a specific function

24
Q

Organ systems

A

several organs working together to perform related tasks

25
Q

Evolution of multicellular organisms

A
  • earlier cells were prokaryotes similar to bacteria today and did not have organelles. They were dependent on organic nutrients from the environment. The competition resulted in the adaptation and development of eukaryotic cells
26
Q

Basic parts of the cell

A

Cell/plasma membrane; cytoplasm; cytosol; nucleus; organelles

27
Q

Plasma/ cell membrane (structure)

A

Where: Found in every cell; what defines the inside from the outside of the cell

Function: regulates what comes in and out of the cell; helps maintain homeostasis

Structure: 2 layers of phospholipids that contain both proteins and carbohydrates

Make-up: contains lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates

28
Q

Cell wall (structure)

A

Where: outside of the plasma/ cell membrane in plant, fungi, and bacteria cells

Function: provides support and protection

Structure: a firm, inflexible rigid layer of polysaccharides

Make-up: carbohydrates/ and lipids in bacteria

29
Q

Chromatin

A

Where: in the interphase nucleus of eukaryotic cells

Function: stores information

Structure: long tangled strands of DNA

Make-up: nucleic acid and proteins

30
Q

Nucleolus

A

Where: A region in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

Function: produces ribosomes

Structure: a round circular dark spot

Make-up: proteins and nucleic acids

31
Q

Ribosomes

A

Where: made in the nucleus and transported to the cytosol. (also found on the rough endoplasmic reticulum)

Function: uses instructions from the nucleus to make proteins

Structure: free or organelle attached; membrane-bound

Make-up: protiens and RNA

32
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Where: everything inside all cells except the genetic information

Function: the sit of chemical reactions

Structure: clear fluid surrounding the nucleus and organelles

Make-up: contains lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids

33
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Where: In the cell membrane and cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells

Function: to make and prepare proteins for export out of the cell or into the membrane

Structure: has ribosomes on the surface

Make-up:Contains lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins

34
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Where: In the cell membrane and cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells

Function: to synthesize steroids, regulate calcium levels, and break down toxic substances

Structure: Smooth

Make-up: Contains lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins

35
Q

Golgi Apparatus/ body/ complex

A

Where: found in all eukaryotic cells

Function: collects, packages, and distributes molecules

Structure: consists of flattened sacs

Make-up: contains lipids and proteins

36
Q

Vacuole

A

Where: membrane-bound within the cytoplasm

Function: temporarily stores food, enzymes, and wastes

Structure: fluid filed space (small in animal cells and large in plant cells)

Make-up: lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates

37
Q

Lysosome

A

Where: membrane-bound organelle in animal, plant, and fungi cells

Function: digests food, viruses, bacteria, cell parts, and cells (self-destruction)

Structure: small and spherical with one membrane

Make-up: hydrolytic digestive enzymes (lipids and proteins)

38
Q

Mitochondria

A

Where: eukaryotic membrane-bound organelle

Function: food molecules are broken down to produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Structure: 2 membranes (outer is smooth and inner is highly folded)

Make-up: lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates)

39
Q

Chloroplast

A

Where: Organelles found in green plants and some protists

Function: photosynthesis occurs; (light energy is converted into chemical energy)

Structure: a system of sacs called thylakoids

Make-up: Lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids

40
Q

Plastid

A

Where: Organelles in plants

Function: stores food, or other starch + lipids

Structure: contains pigment- giving fruit and flowers color

Make-up: lipids, proteins, carbohydrates

41
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Where: In eukaryotic cells

Function: assists in cell movement, cell shape, and cell division

Structure: a cytoplasmic network of protein filaments

Make-up: proteins

42
Q

Microtubules

A

Where: Found in cytoskeleton

Function: important in cell structure and locomotion

Structure: hollow; thin; protein cylinders

Make-up: proteins

43
Q

Microfilaments

A

Where: found in the cytoskeleton

Function: cell structure + locomotion

Structure: tin, solid, protein fibers

Make-up: proteins

44
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

Where: between the nucleus and other organelles

Function: help maintain the internal shape of the nucleus

Structure: rods

Make-up: proteins

45
Q

Cilia

A

Where: Found in eukaryotic cells

Function: propels unicellular organelles and moves fluid over the cell surface in multicellular organisms

Structure: short, numerous, hair-like projections on the surface of a cell

Make-up: composed of microtubules (9+2 structure)

46
Q

Flagella

A

Where: within the plasma membrane

Function: propels cells and organisms by a whip-like motion

Structure: long, thread-like structures

Make-up: composed of microtubules (9+2 structure)

47
Q

nucleus

A

Where: in eukaryotic cells

Function: stores hereditary information through DNA and synthesize RNA/ Ribosomes

Structure: surrounded by a double membrane (nuclear envelope)

Make-up: nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids

48
Q

Cytosol

A

Where: in ALL cells

Function: the fluid portion of the cytoplasm

Structure: a gelatin-like fluid

Make-up: dissolved salts, mineral + organic molecules

49
Q

Vesicle

A

Where: In ALL cells

Function: help transport materials that an organism needs to survive and recycle waste materials.

Structure: an enclosed sac

Make-up: lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates

50
Q

Chromosome

A

where: in ALL cells, the cellular structure where genes are located

Function: makes nucleic acids and proteins

Make-up: proteins and DNA

51
Q

Peroxisome

A

Where: In all eukaryotic cells

Function: carries out chemical reactions

Structures: Intracellular membrane-bound organelles

Make-up: lipids and proteins (contains oxidative enzymes)

52
Q

Centrioles

A

Where: A membrane-bound organelle

Function: helps moves chromosomes during cell division

Structure: rod-shaped

Make-up: triplet set of microtubules

53
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Where: near the nucleus

Function: encloses the genetic material

Structure: made of 2 lipid bilayer membranes

Make-up: lipids, proteins

54
Q

Organelle DNA

A
  • Chloroplasts and mitochondria have their own DNA so they have the information needed to function properly
55
Q

Lynn Margulis (endosymbiont theory)

A

suggest mitochondria and chloroplast are descendants of prokaryotes which formed relationships with eukaryotes.

Biology (1 decks)

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