Cells

Question 1

What are animal and plant cells

Answer 1

Eukaryote cells

Question 2

What are bacteria cells called

Answer 2

Prokaryote cells

Question 3

Name the subcellular structures in the animal cells and their purpose

Answer 3

Ribosome- where proteins are made from
Nucleus- contains genetic material that controls the activity of the cell
Cell membrane - controls what enters and leaves the cell
Cytoplasm - gel-like substance where most of the chemical reactions happen.
Mitochondria- where aerobic respiration

Question 4

Name the subcellular structures of the plant cells and their purpose

Answer 4

Ribosome- where proteins are made from
Nucleus- contains genetic material that controls the activity of the cell
Cell membrane - controls what enters and leaves the cell
Cytoplasm - gel-like substance where most of the chemical reactions happen.
Mitochondria- where aerobic respiration
Cell wall- made of cellulose (strengthens the cell and supports it)
Vacuole - contains cell sap
Chloroplasts - where photosynthesis occurs they also contain chlorophyll

Question 5

Name the structures plant cells have that animal cells don’t

Answer 5

Cell wall, vacuole, chloroplasts

Question 6

What are plasmids

Answer 6

Small rings of DNA

Question 7

Where is the DNA held in prokaryote cells

Answer 7

They do not have a nucleus but have a circular single strand of DNA

Question 8

What don’t prokaryote cells have

Answer 8

Chloroplasts and mitochondria.

Question 9

What is the tail coming of some prokaryote cells

Answer 9

The flagellum

Question 10

What is cell differentiation

Answer 10

The process a cell goes through to become specialised

Question 11

What develops during cell differentiation

Answer 11

They develop specific subcellular structures

Question 12

When does cell differentiation occur most

Answer 12

Usually as the organism develops

Question 13

What are undifferentiated cells called

Answer 13

Stem cells

Question 14

What are differentiated cells in mature mammals mostly used for

Answer 14

Repairing and replacing

Question 15

What are sperm cells specialised for

Answer 15

Reproduction

Question 16

What are nerve cells specialised for

Answer 16

Rapid signalling

Question 17

What are muscle cells specialised for

Answer 17

Contraction

Question 18

What are root hair cells specialised for

Answer 18

Absorbing water and minerals

Question 19

What are the phloem and xylem specialised for

Answer 19

Transporting substances in plants

Question 20

Where are most stem cells found

Answer 20

In early human embryos

Question 21

What can embryonic stem cells do

Answer 21

They can differentiate into any cell with the right instructions

Question 22

Where are adult stem cells found

Answer 22

In specific places like bone marrow

Question 23

What can adult stem cells do

Answer 23

They can differentiate into related cell types only, for example, bone marrow cells can differentiate into blood cells and cells of the immune system but not other cell types.

Question 24

What can stem cells do

Answer 24

They can take stem cells for a healthy person and can put them in the sick. Helping the sick person replace faulty blood cells.

Question 25

How can be using stem cells be dangerous

Answer 25

If they’re grown in a lab they can become contaminated and spread that illness to the already sick person

Question 26

Why do some people argue against embryonic stem cell research

Answer 26

-They feel human embryos are a potential human life
-Believe scientists should concentrate on developing other sources of stem cells

Question 27

Why do some people argue for embryonic stem cell research

Answer 27

-Most embryos used used are unwanted and would’ve probably been destroyed
-Believe curing people that already exist and are suffering is more important than embroys

Question 28

What are chromosomes

Answer 28

They are coiled up lengths of DNA molecules

Question 29

What do chromosomes carries

Answer 29

Genes

Question 30

What do genes control

Answer 30

The development of characteristics like hair and eye colour.

Question 31

How many chromosomes does the human body have

Answer 31

46.
23 pairs

Question 32

What is the 23rd pair

Answer 32

The 23rd pair are the sex chromosomes

Question 33

What do each chromosomes pair carry

Answer 33

Each chromosome in a pair carries the same types of genes

Question 34

What do female chromosomes look like

Answer 34

In females, the two chromosomes are identical in shape. There are two X chromosomes. Females are referred to as XX

Question 35

What do male chromosomes look like

Answer 35

In males, one of the chromosomes is a different in shape. There is an X and also a Y chromosome. Males are referred to as XY

Question 36

What is the cell cycle

Answer 36

The series of growing and dividing a cell goes through.

Question 37

What does the end of the cycle result in

Answer 37

Two new cells identical to the original cells, with the same number of chromosomes

Question 38

What are the stages of the cell cycle

Answer 38

The first stages of the cell cycle involve cell growth, then synthesis of DNA. The single strand of DNA that makes up each chromosome produces an exact copy of itself.
The cell undergoes a type of cell division called mitosis.

Question 39

Order the stages of the cell cycle in detail

Answer 39

1. The DNA replicates to form two copies of each chromosome
2. The chromosomes line up at the centre of the cell
   3.The two copies are split apart by a spindle force. The chromosomes are now on two different sides of the cell
   4.The cell completely splits forming the genetically identical daughter cells

Question 40

When do cells divide

Answer 40

If the body needs to:
-grow
-replace worn out cells
-repair damaged tissues
-during asexual reproduction