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Biology NAT 5 > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

1
Q

When is an enzyme most active

A

at its optimum condition

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2
Q

The energy released from the breakdown of glucose is used to generate what

A

ATP

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3
Q

How can genetic information be transferred

A

by genetic engineering

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4
Q

What is the function of the ribosome

A

site of photo synthesis

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5
Q

What is the structure of DNA

A

double-stranded helix (held by complementary base pairs)

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6
Q

What happens to animal cells as a result of osmosis

A

they can burst of shrink

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7
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane

A

controls entry and exit of substances

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8
Q

What is osmosis

A

the movement of water molecules from a HWC to a LWC through a selectively permeable membrane

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9
Q

Is the cell membrane selectively permable

A

yes

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10
Q

What is the function of the nucleus

A

contains cell activity, genetic information and DNA

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11
Q

What does the base sequence determine

A

the amino acid sequence in proteins

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12
Q

What is diffusion

A

the movement of molecules down a concentration gradient from a higher to a lower concentration

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13
Q

What does the cell membrane consist of

A

phospholipids and proteins

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14
Q

What are the functions of proteins

A

Structural, enzymes, hormones, antibodies and receptors

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15
Q

What does active transport require

A

energy

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16
Q

How are the bases paired

A

AT CG

17
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm

A

site of chemical reactions

18
Q

What is the function of the chloroplast

A

provides energy through photosynthesis

19
Q

What is the plasmid

A

a ring of DNA

20
Q

What is the function of the vacuole

A

contains ‘cell sap’ and provides water balance

21
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria

A

site of aerobic respiration

22
Q

How can enzymes be affected

A

by temperature and pH

23
Q

What is the function of the cell wall

A

gives the cell a rigid structure

24
Q

What do enzymes do

A

speed up cellular reactions

25
Q

What happens to plant cells as a result of osmosis

A

they can become turgid or plasmolysed

26
Q

What is a gene

A

a section of DNA that codes for a protein

26
Q

Where does passive transport occur

A

the plasma membrane

27
Q

What is glucose broken down into

A

pyruvate

28
Q

What are the four bases of DNA

A

Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine

29
Q

What is messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

carries a complementary copy of a gene from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm

30
Q

What are the stages of genetic engineering

A
  1. extract chromosome (gene)
  2. gene cut out
  3. plasmid extracted
  4. plasmid cut open
  5. gene inserted into plasmid
  6. plasmid inserted into host cell
  7. product duplicates
31
Q

What is the process of aerobic respiration (?+? = ?+?+?)

A

Glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + energy

32
Q

Where does respiration begin

A

cytoplasm

Biology NAT 5 (2 decks)

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