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Science > Cells and Systems > Flashcards

Cells and Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Define Cell

A

The basic unit of life

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2
Q

Define Dead

A

Something that was once living

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3
Q

Define Metabolism

A

All living processes that take place in a cell

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4
Q

Define Living

A

An organism that grows and develops

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5
Q

Define Stimulus

A

Anything that causes an organism to react

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6
Q

Define Non-Living

A

a substance that doesn’t grow, develop, or reproduce

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7
Q

Define Nutrients

A

Chemicals that organisms need in order to live

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8
Q

Define Response

A

A reaction to a stimulus

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9
Q

Write point form notes about the characteristic of all living things are made up of cells

A
  1. The cell is the basic unit of life

2. Performs all processes that life depends on

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10
Q

Write point form notes about the characteristic of all living things need energy

A
  1. All processes require energy

2. Get energy from the environment

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11
Q

Write point form notes about the characteristic of all living things grow and develop

A
  1. Living things are always changing whether in size, shape, or stage of life
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12
Q

Write point form notes about the characteristic of all living things respond to the environment

A
  1. Changes in the environment cause living things to respond in some way
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13
Q

Write point form notes about the characteristic of living things reproducing

A
  1. Living things must reproduce in order for the species to survive
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14
Q

Write point form notes about the characteristic of living things having adaptations

A
  1. Have structures that enable then ti survive in their environment
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15
Q

How do whales swim?

A

Fluke (tail)

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16
Q

How to grasshoppers breathe?

A

Spiracles

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17
Q

How do green plants produce food?

A

Chloroplasts

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18
Q

How do chickens break down the food they eat?

A

Gizzards

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19
Q

How do Lions and chickens break down food to digest?

A

Lion -> teeth

Chicken -> gizzard

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20
Q

How do chickens and monkeys move from place to place?

A

Monkey -> arms/legs

Chicken -> feet

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21
Q

How do elephants and human beings pick up objects?

A

Elephant -> trunk

Human being -> fingers

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22
Q

What are the main structures and functions of the excretory system?

A 
Structures: 
Kidneys
Bladder
Lungs
Skin
Liver

Functions:
Remove chemical and gaseous waste from the blood

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23
Q

What are the main structures and functions of the muscular system?

A

Structures:
Muscles
Tendons

Functions:

  1. Move bones
  2. Move organs that contain muscle tissue
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24
Q

What are the main structures and functions of the circulatory system?

A 
Structures:
Heart
Veins
Arteries
Capillaries
Blood

Functions:

  1. Transports oxygen, foo, and other substances throughout the body
  2. Transport some wastes to other organs for elimination
  3. Defend the body against diseases
  4. Connect all other organ systems
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25
Q

What are the main structures and functions of the respiratory system?

A 
Structures:
Nose
Mouth
Trachea 
Diaphragm 
Bronchi 
Lungs

Functions:

  1. Transport oxygen from the outside to the blood
  2. Transport carbon dioxide from the blood to the outside
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26
Q

What are the main structures and functions of the skeletal system?

A

Structures:
Bones
Cartilage

Functions:

  1. Provide a moveable support frame for the body
  2. Protect soft-tissue organs as the heart and lungs
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27
Q

What are the main structures and functions of the Integumentary system?

A

Structures:
Skin

Functions:

  1. Protect the body’s internal environment from the external environment
  2. Senses pain, pressure, and tempature
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28
Q

What are the main structures and functions of the digestive system?

A 
Structures:
Salivary glands
Mouth 
Esophagus
Stomach
Liver
Pancreas
Gall Bladder
Small Intestine
Large Intestine

Functions:
Break down food pieces into much smaller pieces so they can be absorbed and throughout the body

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29
Q

What are the main structures and functions of the Nervous system?

A

Structures:
Brain
Spinal Cord
Sensory Organs (eyes ears etc.)

Functions:

  1. Coordinate and control the actions of all organs and organ systems
  2. Detect, process, and respond to the changes in the external and internal environment
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30
Q

How do objects viewed through a microscope appear?

A

Upside down and backward

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31
Q

With what lense do you use the course focus adjustments?

A

Low-powered

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32
Q

With what lense do you use the fine focus adjustments?

A

Medium and High-powered

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33
Q

When viewing a cell under a microscope, if you move the object to the left, on which direction does it appear to move?

A

To the right

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34
Q

Define Cell Membrane

A

A “controlled gateway” that lets needed materials in and waste materials out

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35
Q

Define Chloroplast

A

The “solar panels” of the cell. They are foud in the cells of the green parts of plants. They carry out photosynthesis

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36
Q

Define Nucleus

A

A “command centre” that directs all cellular activies

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37
Q

Define Cell Wall

A

The “frame” of the cell. It is found in plant, but not animal cells

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38
Q

Define Mitochondria

A

The “powerhouses” of the cell where chemical reactions occur that convert the energy the cell receives into a form it can use

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39
Q

Define Vacuoles

A

The “storage rooms” where nutrients, water, or other substances can be stored by the cells

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40
Q

Define Cytoplasm

A

the “kitchen” of the cell. It contains the nutrients required by the cell to maintain it’s life processes

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41
Q

Describe what happens during diffusion

A

Diffusion is when particles move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

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42
Q

Define Osmosis

A

The diffusion of water through a selectively permable membrane

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43
Q

What is selective permeability?

A

Selective permeability describes a membrane with very small openings that allow particles of some substances, but not others, to pass through

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44
Q

Describe epithelial tissue

A

Covers the surface of the body and internal organs and lines the inside of some organs

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45
Q

Describe photosynthetic tissue

A

A group of cells contaning chloroplasts; produces food for a plant

46
Q

Describe transport tissue

A

transports food and water to differnet parts of the plant; includes xylem and phloem

47
Q

Describe protective tissue

A

protect a plant and absorb water from soil

48
Q

List two charactaristics of multicellular organisms

A

1) Made of at least two cells

2) Cells specilize

49
Q

List two charactaristics of unicellular organisms

A

1) Made up of one cell

2) One cell performs all functions

50
Q

List four charactaristics of both multicellular and unicellular organisms

A

1) Grow and reproduce
2) Respond to the environment
3) Need energy
4) Have adaptations

51
Q

What is the function of the digestive system?

A

To break down food into parts small enough that cells can use it

52
Q

What is the function of the salvary glands?

A

Produce salvia which contains an enzyme called amylase

53
Q

What is the function of the small intestine?

A

Is 6m long; Enzymes breakdown strarches and proteins

54
Q

What is the function of the mouth?

A

Entrance to the digestive system

55
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A

About 1.5 m long; absorbs water, vitamins, and minerals

56
Q

What is the function of the pancreas?

A

Send digestive enzymes into the small intestine

57
Q

What is the function of the rectum?

A

Collects the feces

58
Q

What is the function of the tongue?

A

Pushes chewed up food to the back of the throat

59
Q

What is the function of the esophagus?

A

Pushes food to the stomach by a movement called peristalsis

60
Q

What is the function of the teeth?

A

Mechanically digest food by grinding it and mixing it with saliva

61
Q

What is the function of the liver?

A

Produces bile which breaks up globules of lipids

62
Q

What is the function of the epiglottis?

A

Flap of skin that moves across the windpipe to ensure food is funneled into the esophagus

63
Q

What is the function of the gall bladder?

A

Stores bile and sends it to the small intestine

64
Q

What is the function of the stomach?

A

Churns food and mixes it with gastric juices

65
Q

What is the function of the villi microvilli?

A

Finger-like projections lining the small intestine that absorb nutrients

66
Q

What is the function of the respiratory sysem?

A

Supplying blood with oxygen and removing carbon dioxide from blood

67
Q

What is the name of the muscles that help you inhale and exhale?

A

Diaphragm

68
Q

What is the function of the bronchi?

A

Tube-like passageways leading to the lungs

69
Q

What is the function of the alveoli?

A

Diffuse oxygen from the lungs to the blood and carbon dioxide from the blood to the lungs.

70
Q

What is the function of the circulatory system?

A

To deliver nutrients and oxygen to the cells and remove waste products

71
Q

What is the function of the heart?

A

To pump blood

72
Q

What is the function of the arteries?

A

To transport blood from the heart to the body

73
Q

What is the function of the veins?

A

To transport blood from the body back to the heart

74
Q

What is the function of the capillaries?

A

To exchange gases and nutrients

75
Q

What is the function of the red blood cells?

A

To carry oxygen

76
Q

What is the function of the white blood cells?

A

To fight infection

77
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

To help stop bleeding

78
Q

What is the function of plasma?

A

To transport nutrients to cells and carry wastes away

79
Q

What is the function of the excretory system?

A

To remove wastes

80
Q

What are four waste products produced by the body’s cells?

A

Carbon Dioxide
Ammonia
Water
Salts

81
Q

What is the function of the nephrons?

A

Small filtering units

82
Q

What is the function of the urethra?

A

tube that leads from the bladder to the outside of the body

83
Q

What is the function of the liver

A

converts ammonia to urea

84
Q

What is the function of the skin?

A

removes excess salt from the blood

85
Q

What is the function of the kidneys?

A

filter blood, straining out unwanted urea, water, and salts, produces urine

86
Q

What is the function of the bladder?

A

stores urine

87
Q

What is the function of the uretens?

A

long tubes that connect the kidneys to the bladder

88
Q

What does protein in urine mean?

A

Kidney failure

89
Q

What does glucose in the urine mean?

A

Diabetes

90
Q

What happens during dialysis?

A

Wastes removed from blood (process usually done by kidneys)

91
Q

What is the function of the nervous system?

A

To respond to changes in pressure, heat, cold, light, sound, or body chemistry

92
Q

What is the nervous system made out of?

A

The nervous system is made out of nervous tissue. This tissue is made entirely out of specialized cells called neurons. A neuron’s job is to send and receive messages

93
Q

How does a neutron receive messages?

A

A neuron receives messages from small branches of a cell called dendrites. The incoming messages are passed from the dendrites through the cell body to the axon. The axon is a long extension of the cell that ends in small branches. It carries impulses away from the cell body to its branches. These branches transmit the message to the dendrites of neighboring nerve cells

94
Q

What are the components of the central nervous system?

A

brain, and spinal cord

95
Q

What are the components of the peripheral nervous system?

A

cranial and spinal nerves

96
Q

What is the function of the sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system?

A

To carry information from the body to the central nervous system

97
Q

What is the function of the motor neurons in the peripheral nervous system?

A

To carry information from the central nervous system to the organs and muscles

98
Q

What is the function of the somatic nervous system in the peripheral nervous system?

A

controls voluntary responses

99
Q

What is the function of the automatic nervous system in the peripheral nervous system?

A

control involuntary responses

100
Q

What are the three main sections of the brain?

A
  1. Cerebrum
  2. Cerebellum
  3. Medulla
101
Q

What is a reflex response?

A

An automatic response by the nervous system to external stimulus

102
Q

Who was James Lind and why is he famous?

A

He successfully treated sailor with scurvy by feeding them oranges and lemons

103
Q

Who was Edward Jenner and why is he famous?

A

He invented a vaccine for smallpox, which was the first vaccine in the world

104
Q

Who was Joseph Lister and why is he famous?

A

He introduce the practice of cleanliness and sterilization to medical procedures

105
Q

Who was Louis Pasteur and why is he famous?

A

He proved germs caused infections, he was the first to identify living micro-organisms as “germs” and found that heat kills germs

106
Q

What is asthma and how can it be treated?

A

Asthma is a condition where the airways become narrowed temporarily

107
Q

How does tar in cigarettes harmful to your health?

A

It makes the cilia clump together, preventing the movement of mucus

108
Q

How does carbon monoxide in cigarettes harmful to your health?

A

It gets absorbed by the red blood cells instead on oxygen

109
Q

How does nicotine in cigarettes harmful to your health?

A

It speeds up our heart; raises blood pressure; and is addictive

110
Q

What are three respiratory diseases that can result from smoking?

A
  1. bronchitis
  2. emphysema
  3. lung cancer
111
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

The clogging of your arteries with cholesterol

112
Q

What are ulcers and how can they be treated?

A

Ulcers are sores in the lining of the stomach and they can be treated with antibiotics

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