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MY A&P 2015 > Cells and tissues > Flashcards

Cells and tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What is the nucleus made up of?

A

DNA and Protiens called his tones

Coiled together forming a fine network of fine threads called chromatin

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2
Q

What cell is also known as a power house of a cell?

A

Mitochondria

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3
Q

Where is mitochondria located?

A

In cytoplasm

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4
Q

What is the structure of mitochondria?

A

Sausage shaped

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5
Q

What is the purpose of the mitochondria?

A

Involved in aerobic respiration, the process which chemical engery is made available in the cell. In the for, of ATP which releases energy when the cell breaks down.

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6
Q

What is the structure of ribosomes?

A

Tiny granuels

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7
Q

What is the ribosomes composed of?

A

RNA and protein

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8
Q

What is the purpose of the Ribosomes?

A

Synthesis Protiens from amino acids, using RNA as a template.

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9
Q

What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Smooth

Rough

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10
Q

What is endoplasmic reticulum?

A

A series or interconnecting membranes Cana,s in the cytoplasm

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11
Q

What do smooth ER synthesis?

A

Lipids and steroid hormones

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12
Q

What is rough ER studded with?

A

Ribosomes

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13
Q

What is the structure of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Stacks of closely folded membrane sacks

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14
Q

Golgi apparatus is present in all cells? True or false?

A

True! But they are bigger in those that export or synthesis Protiens

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15
Q

How are Protiens exported?

A

Protiens move from ER to the Golgi app where they are then packaged into secretory vesicles, they are stored and when needed move to plasma membrane for extortion

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16
Q

What is the structure of lysosomes?

A

Oval or spherical

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17
Q

Where are the lysomes found!

A

Golgi app

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18
Q

Be able to label a cell ….

Membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, endo reti, Golgi app, mitochondria, lysomes , secretory granule

A

.

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19
Q

What are the 4 types of connective tissue?

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Tissue

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20
Q

What are the 7 types of epithelial tissue?

A

Simple squamous, stratified squamous, keratinised stratified squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, modified columnar, complex columnar

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21
Q

What are he two types of connective tissue?

A

Connective, specialised

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22
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle.,

A

Skeletal, cardiac, smooth

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23
Q

What is the organisation of higher organism?

A

Cell - tissue - organ - system - organism

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24
Q

What are the two layers in a plasma membrane?

A

Two layers of phospholipids with protien embedded in them

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25
Q

What can pass through a plasma membrane?

A

Electrolytes & non lipid soluble substances

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26
Q

What does hydrophilic mean?

A

Water loving

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27
Q

What does hydrophobic mean?

A

Water hating

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28
Q

What does the difference between head and tail allow?

A

Transfer of substances across the membrane?

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29
Q

What function do Protiens in membranes have?

A

Cell immunological identity, act as a receptor for hormones. Some are enzymes involved in transport across membranes

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30
Q

What cells do not have a nucleus?

A

Red blood cells

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31
Q

Homestatis is?

A

Usually involves continous activity of sensory receptors?

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32
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium is found ….

A

In the thyroid gland

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33
Q

Extra cellular fluid differs from intracellular fluid in adults in that it’s…

A

Volume is smaller

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34
Q

Negative feedback control system are involved in the control of?

A

Body temp

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35
Q

Relative to the elbow, the wrist is..

A

Distal

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36
Q

The cell organelle which is the site responsible for protein synthesis us the…

A

Ribosomes

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37
Q

The three basic fibres types of connective tissues are?

A

Collagen, reticular, elastic

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38
Q

Collagen is not present in the matrix of the?

A

Blood

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39
Q

Prokarytic cells…

A

Lack a nucleus

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40
Q

Haemolysis may occur when a blood cell is placed into…

A

A hypotonic solution

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41
Q

In negative feedback control systems involved in homeostasis?

A

The effector tissue is often a muscle or gland

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42
Q

The plasma membrane is freely permeable?

A

Steroid hormones

43
Q

What is the interactive centre?

A

Converts synaptic to humoral signals

Responds to feedback from system that controls it.

44
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

Response increases effect on original stimulus

45
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

Response decreases effect on original stimulus

46
Q

Define homeostasis….

A

Control measures aim to maintain a variable at its set point.

47
Q

What are 4 major roles of homeostasis?

A

Biological clock and cardiac rythmes
Reproduction and behaviour
Sleep and arousal
Thermoregulagion

48
Q

What is an overview of the process of homeostasis?

A

Sensor ——– (afferent pathway)——interGrating centre ——-(efferent pathway) —– effector —– sensory receptor path way cells

49
Q

Describe homeostasis in an increase of temperature?

A

Sensor ( receptor in skin & brain ) —-(afferent pathway) — interGrating centre (hypothalamus) ——-(efferent pathway) —— effector (blood vessels dilate, sweat glands) —– change in variable

50
Q

How can positive feedback help homeostasis?

A

Blood clotting

Child birth

51
Q

Describe blood clotting in homeostasis?

A

Damage to vessel - activation of clotting factors - activation of thrombin - formation of blood clot

52
Q

What does the hypothalamus control?

A

Hormone secretion from puturity gland (interGrating centre)

53
Q

What are some internal valuables that require control?

A

Temp
Blood glucose
Oxygen
Blood pressure

54
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

Response decreases effect on original stimulus

55
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

Response increases effect on original stimulus

56
Q

What is the integrative centre?

A

Converts synaptic to humoral signals

Responds to feedback from system it controls

57
Q

What are the 3 basic components of the controls system?

A

Detector
Control centre
Effector

58
Q

What is the purpose of the control centre in the homo control system?

A

Determines the limits within which the variable,e factor should be maintained

59
Q

At what point would the effector respond in the homo control system?

A

When signal from detector or sensor indicates adjustment needed

60
Q

What are Tyler’s of specialised connective tissue and functions?

A

Blood - cells Protiens
Andipocytes - loose connections
Ligament - less dense
Bone cartridge - hard tissue, high dentist

61
Q

What are the different cells in a connective tissue?

A

Fibroblasts - active in tissue repair
Macrophages - engulfing and digesting cells debris and bacteria
Plasma cells - sythnesis and secrete specific antibodies into blood
Mast cells - produce granuels containing heparin, serotonin, histamine

62
Q

What is the structure of connective tissue?

A

Cells widely separated and intercellular present in large

63
Q

What is the purpose of connective tissue?

A

Binding and support, protection, transport, insulation

64
Q

What is stratified epithelial?

A

Several layers
No basement membranes
Function to protect structures

65
Q

What is the main function of stratified epithelial?

A

To protect structures

66
Q

What are the two main types of stratified epithelial?

A

Stratified and transitional

67
Q

What is they structure of stratified epithelium?

A

Number of layers of cells of different shapes

In deep layers cells mainly in columnar as they grow become flat

68
Q

Where is non keratinised stratified epithelial found?

A

On wet surfaces - protected from drying

69
Q

Where is non-ketanisised stratified found?

A

Conjunctiva of eye, mouth. Pharynx, vagina

70
Q

Where is keratinised stratified epithelium found?

A

Dry surfaces

71
Q

What is the function of keratinised stratified epith?

A

Protection barrier

72
Q

What is keratin?

A

A protein

73
Q

What is the structure of cuboidal epithelium?

A

Cube shaped cells, closely together lying on the basement

74
Q

What is the function of cuboidal epithelium?

A

Involved in secretion, absorption, excretion

75
Q

What is the structure of the columnar epithelium?

A

Single layer of rectangular cells on basement membrane

76
Q

Where can columnar epithelium found?

A

Lining organs

77
Q

What is columnar epithelium function?

A

Absorption and secretion

78
Q

What is mucus?

A

Thick sticky substance, secretified by modified col cells called goblet cells

79
Q

Where is ciliates epithelium found?

A

Uterine tubes and respitory passages

80
Q

What are the different shaped epithelial cells?

A

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar

81
Q

What are the number of cell layers called in the epith?

A

Simple - one layer

Stratified - two or more layers

82
Q

What is the structure of simple epith?

A

Simple epith consists of a single layer of identical cells and is divided into four layers

83
Q

Where is simple epith found?

A

On absorptive or secretory surfaces

84
Q

The more active the tissue?

A

The more active the cells

85
Q

What is the function if squamous epith?

A

Exchange of nutrients and gasses

86
Q

Where is squamous epith found?

A

Heart
Blood vessels
Lymph
Alveoli

87
Q

What are the heart, blood, and lymph vessels also known as?

A

Endothelium

88
Q

How many stages in mitosis?

A

Two

89
Q

What are the stages of mitosis?

A

Replication of DNA

Division of cytoplasm

90
Q

How many chromosomes in a combined cell in meiosis?

A

46 - 23 of both

91
Q

What is a tissue?

A

Aggression of cells with specialised function of structure

92
Q

What are the 4 main types of tissues?

A

Epith// connective // muscle // nervous it’s

93
Q

What are the two types of cell division?

A

Mitosis // meiosis

94
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Cell division necessary for sexual reproduction

95
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Cell division necessary for growth, regeneration

96
Q

What are granule contents released by?

A

Exocytosis

97
Q

What is the purpose of secretory granule?

A

Contains a product to be released into circulation

98
Q

What are the properties I’d a prokaryotic cell?

A

No nucleus
1-5ym
No organelle
Cell wall and capsule

99
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

Single cell organism

100
Q

What are the properties if eukaryotes cells?

A

Nucleus with DNA
10-40 or larger
Extensive organ

101
Q

What is a eukaryotes cell?

A

Multi-cellular organism

102
Q

What is the aim if lysosomes?

A

Break down fragments of organelles
Large molecules
DNA RNA in cells into smaller particles

103
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

Contains the body’s genetic material

MY A&P 2015 (15 decks)

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