Cells and tissues

Question 1

What are the 3 processes of Histology?

Answer 1

Fixation- Chemicals form covalent bonds with proteins. This enhances tissue staining.
Processing to wax- Soaked in alcohol, xylene then into melted wax.
Sectioning- 5 Micron thick sections are taken
Staining-
Heamatoxylin stain- purple. acidic, stains nucleic acids
Eoisin- Pink, basic, stains cytoplasmic proteins

Question 2

What are mesenchymal tissues?

Answer 2

Connective tissues: Muscle, bone, fat, cartilage, blood and lymph

Question 3

What are the purpose of Mesenchymal cells?

Answer 3

Structure
Metabolic (blood vessels)
Defence (Immune cells)
Storage (fat)
Repair (scarring)

Question 4

What are fibroblasts?

Answer 4

A type of cell that synthesizes the extracellular matrix and collagen, the structural framework (stroma) for animal tissues, and plays a critical role in wound healing.

Question 5

What are adipocytes?

Answer 5

Cells specialized for the storage of fat, found in connective tissue.

Question 6

What are examples of immune cells?

Answer 6

Macrophages- Phagocytose debris and pathogens

Mast Cells- Produce vasoactive substances such as histamine

Question 7

What are the 2 main types of lymphocyte?

Answer 7

B Cells- Develop in the Bone Marrow and make antibodies

T Cells- develop in the Thymus and attack viruses, cancer cells and transplants

Question 8

What are neutrophils?

Answer 8

The most common WBCs
Formed in the BM
Destroy damaged tissue and bacteria
They self destruct

Question 9

What are eosinophils?

Answer 9

Formed in the BM
High levels indicate an allergic reaction
They phagocytose antigen-antibody complexes.
They inactivate inflammatory agents produced by mast cells

Question 10

What are basophils?

Answer 10

Involved in immune response to parasites
They have IgE receptors
They released Prostaglandins, Serotonin and histamine as part of the inflammatory response at the site of infection
They act like mast cells

Question 11

What is found in the blood?

Answer 11

RBCs
Platelets
Proteins (immunoglobins, albumin, fibrinogen)
Hormones
Nutrients
Gases
Plasma

Question 12

What are the layers of blood vessels?

Answer 12

Tunica Intima (inner most)- endothelium and basement membrane
Tunica Media- Smooth Muscle Fibres and Elastin
Tunica Adventitia (outer most)- Vaso vasorum supply this layer

Question 13

What are Vaso Vasorum?

Answer 13

A network of small blood vessels that supply the walls of large blood vessels.

Question 14

What are the three types of cartilage?

Answer 14

Hyaline- Most common
Fibrocartilage- Tendon insertion, IV discs
Elastic Cartilage- External Ear and the Epiglottis

Question 15

What are the functions of Epithelia?

Answer 15

Physical Protection from infection
Control of absorption and secretion
Movement by the cilia
Highly specialised epithelia provide sensation
Produce both exocrine and endocrine secretions

Question 16

What is the most simple amino acid?

Answer 16

Glycine

Question 17

What can all amino acids except for Glycine be described as?

Answer 17

Chiral

Question 18

How are amino acids bound to form proteins?

Answer 18

Peptide bonds form between the carbonyl group of one and the amino group of the next. This is a condensation reaction (H20 is removed). COOH + NH2–> CONH + H20

Question 19

What can the interior of proteins be described as?

Answer 19

Hydrophobic

Question 20

What can the exterior of proteins be described as?

Answer 20

Mostly Hydrophilic. Proteins do have small exposed hydrophobic regions

Question 21

What are the Hydrophobic (Non-polar) Amino Acids?

Answer 21

Alanine (Andrew)
Isoleucine (Is)
Glycine (Gladly)
Leucine (Letting)
Methionine (Me)
Phenylalanine (Photograph)
Valine (Val)
Proline (Profoundly)
Tryptophan (Trashed)

Question 22

What are the Hydrophilic (Polar) Amino Acids?

Answer 22

Threonine (Theodore)
Serine (Serves)
Glutamine (Glowing)
Asparagine (Asparagus)
Tyrosine (To)
Cysteine (Chris)

Question 23

What are the acidic and basic amino Acids?

Answer 23

Acidic:
Glutamate (Green)
Aspartate (Acid)
Basic:
Lysine (Lifted)
Histadine (His)
Arginine (Attitude)