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Physiology and Anatomy > Cells and Tissues > Flashcards

Cells and Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of a tissue

A

Tissues consists of a group cells that carry out similar functions.

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2
Q

What are the four types of tissues

A
  1. Epithelium
  2. Connective Tissues
  3. Muscle
  4. Nervous Tissues.
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3
Q

What are epithelial tissues?

A
  1. Consists of a dense population of cells directly connected to each other.
  2. Form continuous layer(s)
  3. One surface is typically exposed, e.g. the outer layer of skin or lining of a cavity
  4. One surface is attached to underlying connective tissues by a non-cellular basement membrane.
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4
Q

What are the main type of Epithelial Tissues

A
  1. Squamous, cuboidal and columnar
  2. Ciliated, microvilli, smooth
  3. Simple: Single layer of cells often used for secretion, excretion, absorption of diffusion.
  4. Stratified: two or more layer: found where protection is required. E.g. outer layer of the skin
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5
Q

What are exocrine glands

A

Exocrine glands form ducts and secrete products onto a free epithelial surface

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6
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

They lack ducts and release products into the interstitial fluid.

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7
Q

What are connective tissue

A

Consists of relatively few cells embedded in an extensive intercellular substance consisting of fibres scattered throughout the matrix

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8
Q

What are the three types of fibres found in connective tissues?

A
  1. Collagen fibres: Accounting for about 25% of total protein tough and high tensile strength
  2. Elastic fibres: branch and form networks. Composed of the protein elastin.
  3. Reticular fibres: Thin, branched fibres that form delicate networks joining connective tissue to neighbouring tissues. Consists of collagen and some glycoproteins
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9
Q

What are the features of Loose connective tissue?

A

Loose connective tissue:
- Filling between body parts and serves as a reservoir for fluids and salts
- Consists of fibres running in all direction through a semi-fluid and salts
- Consisting of fibres running in all directions through a semifluid matrix
- Its flexibility permits the parts it connects to move.
E.g. attaches skin to the muscles underneath

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10
Q

What are the different type of connective tissue?

A
  • Loose connective tissue
  • Dense connective tissue
  • Elastic connective tissue
  • Reticular connective tissue
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11
Q

What are the features of Dense connective tissue?

A
  • Stronger but less flexible than loose CT
  • Predominated by collagen fibres
  • E.g. Tendons: Joining muscle-bone and ligaments joining bone-bone
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12
Q

What are the features of the elastic connective tissue?

A
  1. Consists mainly of bundles of parallel elastic fibres

E.g. Lung tissue and walls of large arteries

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13
Q

What are the features of Reticular connective tissues

A
  1. Composed mostly of interlacing reticular fibres
  2. Forms a supporting internal framework in many organs such as the liver, spleen and lymph nodes

e.g. Adipose tissue, cartilage, bone, blood, lymphatic tissue

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14
Q

What are the features of muscle tissue?

A
  1. Specialised to contract:
    - Each muscle cell is called a muscle fibre
    - Muscle fibres contain many thin longitudinal, parallel contractile units called Myofibrils

Can be classified as: Voluntary and involuntary

Stratified or smooth

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15
Q

What are myofibrils

A

Muscle fibres that contain many thing longitudinal, parallel contractile units called myofibrils.

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16
Q

What are the different types of muscle tissues?

A
  1. Skeletal Muscle
  2. Cardiac Muscle
  3. Smooth muscle
17
Q

What are the features of Skeletal muscle?

A
  1. Voluntary, striated
  2. Long (up to 4mm), multi-nucleic, cylindrical cells
  3. Usually attached to bones via tendons
18
Q

What are the features of Cardiac muscles?

A
  1. Main tissue of the heart
  2. Cardiac fibres join end-to-end and contain many branches that rejoin other cardiac cells forming complex networks
  3. Can contain either one or two nuclei
19
Q

What are the features of Smooth muscle?

A
  1. Un-striated, involuntary
  2. Occurs in the walls of digestive tract, uterus, blood, vessels, etc
  3. Spindle shaped fibres containing a single nuclei
20
Q

What is the structure of Smooth muscle?

A
  1. Has spindle-shaped non striated, uninnucleated fibres
  2. Occurs in walls of internal organs
  3. Is involuntary
21
Q

What is the structure of Cardiac muscle

A
  1. Has striated, branched uninucleate fibres
  2. Occurs in the walls of heart
  3. Is involuntary
22
Q

What is the structure of skeletal muscle?

A
  1. Has striated tubular multinucleate fibres
  2. Usually attached to the skeleton
  3. Is voluntary
23
Q

What do nervous tissue consist of?

A

Neurons and Glial cells

24
Q

What are neutrons specialised for?

A

Receiving and transmitting electrical signals or action potentials

25
Q

What is the role of Glial cells?

A

They support, nourish and protect the neurons.

Physiology and Anatomy (2 decks)

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