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Alevel Biology🧬🔬🌱 > Cells - immune system > Flashcards

Cells - immune system Flashcards

1
Q

What are T-lymphocytes?

A

White blood cells involved in specific immune response.

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2
Q

Where are T-lymphocytes made?

A

The thymus.

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3
Q

What is the cell-mediated response?

A

Response involving T-cells and body cells.

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4
Q

What happens in the first stage of B-cell activation?

A

Antigen binds to the complementary specific receptor.

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5
Q

In the cell-mediated response, cloner helper T-cells differentiate into what 4 different cells?

A

Some stay as helper T-cells, some stimulate macrophages perform more phagocytosis, some become memory cells, some become cytotoxic T-cells.

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6
Q

What do cytotoxic cells do?

A

Destroy abnormal or infected cells by releasing a protein which imbeds in the cell membrane making a pore.

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7
Q

What protein does a plasma cell produce?

A

Antibodies.

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8
Q

What part of the pathogen does a vaccine contain?

A

The antigen.

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9
Q

What cells is produced when having a vaccine containing a specific antigen?

A

A memory cell.

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10
Q

Helper T-cells divide by mitosis to become more helper T-cells which stimulate what? (4 answers)

A

B-cells & Phagocytosis
T memory cells & Cytotoxic T-cells.

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11
Q

What is heard immunity?

A

The minority of a population being protected due to the majority of the population being vaccinated. This makes the spread of a pathogen less likely to be spread.

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12
Q

What protein do T-killer cells release which imbeds into the cell membrane?

A

Perforin.

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13
Q

Why is it called the cell-mediated response?

A

Because T-cells only respond to antigens which are presented on cells (APC), and not antigens detached from cells and within the body fluids.

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14
Q

What 3 main interfaces with the environment allow pathogens to enter the body?

A

The skin, the gas exchange system & the digestive system.

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15
Q

What process do T-cells divide by?

A

Mitosis.

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16
Q

What do T-helper cells do?

A

Stimulate B-cell activation.

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17
Q

What is the role of T-killer cells?

A

Destroy the pathogen.

18
Q

How does the skin protect its self from entry of pathogens?

A

Blood clots form a scab to block entry.

19
Q

How does the digestive system protect itself from pathogens?

A

Stomach acid & enzymes to break pathogens.

20
Q

How does the gas-exchange system protect itself from pathogens?

A

Mucus lining & cilia to sweep mucus to the mouth.

21
Q

What is the phagocytes aim?

A

Engulf the pathogen.

22
Q

Where is a pathogen contained after being engulfed?

A

Phagocytic vacuole.

23
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A protein found on the surface of a cell which triggers the immune response.

24
Q

What is the role of the lysozymes in the phagocytic vacuole?

A

To break down the pathogen.

25
Q

What are the 4 main stages of the immune response?

A

Phagocytosis, T-cel activation, B-cell activation & Antibody production.

26
Q

What is left in the phagocytic vacuole after the enzymes have broke down the pathogen?

A

The antigen.

27
Q

Where does the phagocyte place the antigens?

A

On its cell surface.

28
Q

Does AIDS kill people?

A

No, the pathogens infecting the body after do due to a low immune system.

29
Q

What are antibodies are assigned to recognise what?

A

A specific antigen.

30
Q

How many polypeptide chains make up each antibody?

A

4 - 2 long heavy & 2 short light.

31
Q

What cells do HIV particles kill?

A

T-helper cells.

32
Q

Antibodies use their ……… region (which is the same in all antibodies) to bind to the phagocytes.

A

Constant.

33
Q

What is the risk of a low T-helper cell count?

A

B-cell activation cannot take place, less antibodies produced. Slower/ no immune response.

34
Q

What is the antibodies variable region used for?

A

It is the antigen-binding site of the antibody.

35
Q

What are the symptoms of HIV?

A

Flu-like symptoms.

36
Q

What is neutralisation?

A

Antibodies neutralising pathogens (antigens and toxins).

37
Q

What is Agglutination?

A

Antibodies can bind to multiple antigens and therefore clump the pathogens into one big group.

38
Q

What is Marking?

A

Antibodies mark pathogens. Antibodies bound to a pathogen are beacons for immunological cells and attract phagocytes and lymphocytes to the area.

39
Q

The production of monoclonal antibodies involves what animal?

A

Mice.

40
Q

Name a function of a monoclonal antibody.

A
  • Treating poisoning.
  • Cancer treatment.
  • Medical diagnosis.

Alevel Biology🧬🔬🌱 (7 decks)

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