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LCRS - Neuro > Cells of the Nervous system > Flashcards

Cells of the Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What is a neuron?

A
  • basic structural and functional unit of NS
  • info processing unit
  • responsible for generation and conduction of electrical signals
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2
Q

What are neurones supported by?

A

Neuroglia

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3
Q

Describe the soma.

A
  • metabolic centre of cell
  • large nucleus, prominent nucleolus
  • abundant rough ER and free ribosomes
  • well developed golgi
  • large number of mitochondria
  • numerous lysosomes
  • highly organised cytoskeleton
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4
Q

Describe dendrites

A
  • input for incoming info
  • diameter dec further away from cell body
  • greatly inc. SA of neurone
  • covered in dendritic spines
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5
Q

Describe dendritic spines

A
  • receive majority of synapses

- dynamic (can inc or dec number of spines present)

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6
Q

What is Schizophrenia caused by?

A

Loss of dendritic spines present

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7
Q

describe the axon

A
  • output
  • emerge at axon hillock
  • prominent microtubules + neurofilaments
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8
Q

What is the molecular composition of the axon?

A

Organised into domains:

  • Node: consists of all Na+ channels
  • Paranode: next to node
  • Juxtaparanode: next to paranode, consists of all K+ channels
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9
Q

Bouton (synaptic terminal)

A

Large, bulb-like structure which forms at end of terminal branches

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10
Q

Varicosities (synaptic terminal)

A

swelling like structures that form along axon

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11
Q

What is the function of the neuronal cytoskeleton?

A

Axon maintains tensile strength, allow transport of proteins
Neurofilaments play critical role in determining axon calibre

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12
Q

What is fast axonal transport?

A
  • transport of membrane

- vesicles w/ associated motors moved down axon

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13
Q

What is anterograde transport?

A

Transport of materials needed for neurotransmission and survival away from cell body
uses specific molecular motors

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14
Q

Give some examples of fast retrograde transport.

A
  • return of organelles

- transport of substances from EC space

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15
Q

Pseudounipolar

A

single axon acts as continuous cable carrying AP from peripheral receptor organ to central terminal in spinal cord

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16
Q

Bipolar

A

2 axonal processes with central soma e.g. in cerebral cortex, retina

17
Q

Golgi type I multipolar

A
  • highly branched dendritic trees

- axons extend long distances

18
Q

Pyrimidal cells of cerebral cortex

A
  • responsible for all of cortical output
  • major excitatory neurones
  • triangular shaped soma
  • single axon
  • as distance from soma inc, basal dendrites branch profusely
19
Q

Golgi type II multipolar

A
  • short axons terminating quite close to cell body of origin
  • small multipolar cells
  • use glutamate/ aspartate as neurotransmitter
20
Q

Sensory neurones

A
  • pseudounipolar ( 1 major process, divides into 2 branches)
  • conducts impulses from sensory receptors to CNS
    e. g. dorsal root ganglia
21
Q

Motor neurones

A
  • conduct impulses from CNS to effectors
  • multipolar w/ large soma
    e. g. spinal motor neurones
22
Q

Interneurones

A
  • cell bodies and processes remain within CNS
  • responsible for modification, coordination, integration facilitation and inhibition that must occur b/ sensory input + motor output
23
Q

Laminae

A

layers of neurones of similar type and function

e.g. cerebral cortex grey matter

24
Q

Ganglion

A

group of encapsulated neuronal cell bodies in PNS

e.g. dorsal root ganglia

25
Q

Fibre tracts

A

Groups of bundles of axons in CNS.

e.g. corpus callosum

26
Q

Nerves

A

Discrete bundles of axons
bring info to CNS from sensory receptors and bring axons to effector organs
Usually part of PNS

27
Q

What is neuronal integration?

A
  • neurones receive multiple synaptic input

- competing inputs are integrated in postsynaptic neuron

28
Q

3 types of synapses

A
  • axo-dendritic: often excitatory
  • axo-somatic: often inhibitory
  • axo-axonic: often modulatory
29
Q

What are the neuroglia (support cells) of the CNS?

A
  • astroglia
  • oligodendroglia
  • microglia
  • ependymal cells

LCRS - Neuro (3 decks)

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