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Neuroanatomy 101 > Cells & System Dev > Flashcards

Cells & System Dev Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 germinal layers form during Gastrulation?

A

Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm

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2
Q

What is multipotent cells?

A

Forms into specific type of tissues.

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3
Q

What are pluripotent cells?

A

later embryonic cells can no longer form placenta but any tissue of the developing organism.

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4
Q

What are omnipotent cells?

A

Initial cells that can develop into embryonic or placental tissues

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5
Q

What are neuroblast?

A

Post mitotic cells (unable to divide anymore) and are able to migrate which will later ALL form neural cells

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6
Q

What do ectoderm cells turn into?

A

Skin, sensory organs, nervous system

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7
Q

What do mesoderm cells turn into?

A

muscles, skeleton, heart, kidneys etc

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8
Q

What do endoderm cells turn into?

A

digestive organs, lungs etc

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9
Q

When does Gastrulation takes place?

A

8 - 21 days after fertilisation

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10
Q

When does neurulation takes place?

A

18 - 20 days after fertilisation

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11
Q

When does folding of the brain takes place?

A

3rd trimester (fetus phase)

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12
Q

What are the stages of development of a fertilized egg (zygote)?

A
  1. Morula (days 3 - 4)
  2. Blastocyst (hollow, days 5 - 7)
  3. Gastrula (germ layers, days 8 - 21)
  4. Neurula (formation of neural tube, days 18 - 30)
  5. embryo (weeks 4 - 8)
  6. Fetus (weeks 9 to birth)
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13
Q

Notochord is mesoderm & neural plate is ectoderm

A

NIL

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14
Q

What does gap junctions do ?

A

They allow for cytoplasmic continuity and the direct transfer of electrical and chemical signals between the cells and nervous system.

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15
Q

How are dendrites distinguished?

A

High content of ribosomes and by their specific cytoskeletal proteins.

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16
Q

What are synaptic vesicles?

A

Secretory organelles in the presynaptic terminal of chemical synapses and filled with neurotransmitters

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17
Q

Characteristics of glia cells

A
  1. the only stem cells retained in matured brain - able to give rise to new glia and neurons
  2. concerns with the repair of damage cells
  3. maintain ionic milleu of nerve cells
  4. providing scaffold for neural development
  5. modulating synaptic action by controlling uptake and metabolism of neurotransmitters at or near synaptic cleft.
  6. facilitating the convective flow of interstitial fluid through the brain during sleep (washes out metabolic waste)
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18
Q

What are the 5 main types of Glia cells?

A

Radial, Oligodendrocyte, Astrocyte, Microgial and Ependymocyte

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19
Q

Features of Radial Glia Cells?

A
  1. An intermediate that neuroblast takes, spanning from ventricular zone (bottom of Radial Glia cell body) to surface.
  2. Serves as a guidance for other neuroblasts.
  3. Subsequently develop into mature neuron cells later on
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20
Q

Features of Oligodendrocytes?

A
  1. On PNS it is Schwann cells
  2. Provides lipid rich myelin around some but not all axons
  3. Oligodendrocyte only in CNS
  4. in CNS one Oligodendrocyte insulate a segment of various neurons
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21
Q

Features of Astrocytes?

A
  1. Star like appearance
  2. Only in CNS
  3. Maintain an appropriate chemical environment for neuronal signaling
  4. Involves in forming blood brain barrier
  5. secret substances for the connections of new synaptic connects
  6. A subset of them in adult brain retains characteristics of stem cells.
  7. In general , stabilize cebrebral micro environment.
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22
Q

Features of Microglia cells?

A
  1. Derived primarily from hematopoietic precursor cells
  2. Remove cellular debris or normal cell turnover (corresponding to macrophages in other parts of the body)
  3. migratory cells that can adapt any form of its target
  4. not neural (ectodermal) in origin but derived from bone marrow (mesodermal)
  5. initiate inflammatory response (signaling molecules like cytokines and influence whether other cells survive or die).
23
Q

Features of Ependymocytes?

A
  1. Form the ependyma ,a single cell layer coating of the ventricles
  2. Carry cilia (“hairs”, help circulate fluid in cavity)
  3. Produce and remove CSF/ CSF homeostasis - forms lining in vessels Choroid Plexuses which are specialised vessels in brain ventricles.
24
Q

Features of healthy CSF?

A
  1. Void of cells and low in protein (increased in the event of inflammation)
25
Q

What is the Neuron Doctrine?

A

Neurons are discrete units

26
Q

What is Recticular theory?

A

Neurons with nodes within a continuous protoplasmatic network

27
Q

What types of organelles do most cells have? what do they do?

A
  1. Nucleus - contains DNA
  2. Mitochondria - synthesize APP (energy storage)
  3. Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus - Use DNA info to synthesize proteins (via mRNA)
  4. Cell membrane - contains many proteins that serve as receptors, ion channels, immuological identity
  5. Cytoplasm - a dense mesh of inner proteins that stabilize cell and serve for transport
28
Q

When is the cell referred to as soma?

A

When the cell has prominent extensions

29
Q

What does Prosencephalon develops into?

A

Telencephalon and Diecephalon

30
Q

What does Mesencephalon develops into?

A

Mid Brain

31
Q

What does Metencephalon develops into?

A

Pons and cebrebellum

32
Q

What does Myelencephalon develops into?

A

Medulla

33
Q

What is the segmentation of the nervous system called?

A

Somites

34
Q

How is the segmentation of nervous system guided by?

A

By expression of Hox genes (they are impt for regulation through coding of genes)

35
Q

What are the precursors of nervous system during Neurulation?

A

Vesicles formed through the non uniform expansion of Neural tube

36
Q

What develops into the spinal cord during neurulation?

A

Neural tube

37
Q

When does neurogenesis (formation of cells specialize into neurons) occurs?

A

After the formation of neural tube is complete (after day 21)

38
Q

When does pruning of neurons take place?

A

After 2 years of birth

39
Q

when does sparse synaptic connection occurs?

A

First 2 years of birth

40
Q

When does myelination / insulation stops?

A

It continues to develop during adolescence

41
Q

When does myelination / insulation stops?

A

It continues to develop during adolescence until PFC is completed.

42
Q

What is the energy expenditure for the brain at age 5?

A

50% of energy consumption

43
Q

What is the energy in the brain used for mostly?

A

NA-K-ATPase - maintaining ionic conditions for nerve functioning

44
Q

What is the energy in the brain used for mostly?

A

NA-K-ATPase - maintaining ionic conditions for nerve functioning

45
Q

When is cortex architecture established?

A

In the 7th month of pregnancy

46
Q

Stem cells are not progenitor cells. Difference?

A

Stem cells can replicate endlessly. Progenitor are ogliopotent cells and may only replicate a limited amount of times.

Stem cells -> progenitor -> matured cells

47
Q

How many neuroblast does 1 neural stem cells produce?

A

2

48
Q

Are there neural stem cells in the matured adult brain?

A

Nope

49
Q

Where does adult neurogenesis occurs?

A

Only in dentate gyrus of Hippocampus

50
Q

What is name of ‘radial glia’ in cerebellum?

A

Bergmann glia

51
Q

Process of neural stem cells to neurons?

A

Neural stem -> radial glia -> neuroblast -> neurons / radial glia (another type, eventually become neurons)

52
Q

What does closure of neural tube depends on ?

A

Folic acid

53
Q

What is the condition caused by a failure of the neural tube to proper close is called?

A

Anencephaly

54
Q

What is the condition caused by a failure of the neural tube to proper close is called?

A

Anencephaly (brain skull don’t develop well) and bifida (spinal column don’t close properly)

Neuroanatomy 101 (2 decks)

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