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Immunology > Cells & Tissues of the Immune System (2) > Flashcards

Cells & Tissues of the Immune System (2) Flashcards

1
Q

What is a leukocyte?

A

any white blood cell

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2
Q

What is a lymphocyte?

A

a type of white blood cell
T cell
B cell
NK cell

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3
Q

What is a granulocyte?

A

polymorphonuclear cells =
- neutrophils
- eosinophils
- basophils

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4
Q

What are mononuclear cells?

A

lymphocytes or monocytes

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5
Q

Cells that are not phagocytic are _____, and cells that are phagocytic are ______

A

not: lymphocytes
are: monocytes

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6
Q

What are important in blood clotting?

A

platelets

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7
Q

What is a basophil?

A

contain granules (which stain basophilic) filled with inflammatory mediators (histamine, serotonin, etc)
important in allergy and parasitic infections
may or may not become tissue mast cells

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8
Q

What is an eosinophil?

A

contain granules (which stain eosinophilic) filled with potent mediators (major basic protein and eosinophilic cationic protein) - capable of killing parasites
in bloodstream for ~30 minutes, then go to tissues, then found under epithelial surfaces
*control of extracellular parasites
can occur in some parasitic infections and allergies

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9
Q

What are monocytes and their function?

A

become macrophages
found in most tissues and are important in:
- phagocytosis and killing of bacteria
- presentation of antigen on MHC II
- secretion of cytokines
arrive AFTER neutrophils

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10
Q

What does a lot of macrophages at the infection site indicate?

A

chronic infection (because neutrophils were the first line of defense)

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11
Q

What is a neutrophil?

A

55-90% of wbcs in circulation
first responders
short-lived
half-life in blood is 8-10 hours
bone marrow creates this

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12
Q

What spends a lot of time creating neutrophils?

A

bone marrow

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13
Q

Neutrophils are the [first/second] responders, and macrophages are the [first/second] responders

A

neutrophils: first
macrophages: second

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14
Q

What is the role of neutrophils in the immune response to bacterial infections?

A

first responders
exit blood stream at site of infection and accumulate in large numbers to ingest & kill pathogens

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15
Q

Bone marrow [increases/decreases] production of neutrophils in response to _________, resulting in [neutropenia/neutrophilia]

A

increases
bacterial infections
neutrophilia

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16
Q

Neutrophilia is a [right/left] shift

A

left

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17
Q

Neutrophils attacking pathogens (especially bacteria and fungi) die which creates ____

A

pus

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18
Q

What is neutropenia? It is seen in which type of infection?

A

lower than normal numbers of neutrophils in the bloodstream
viral infections

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19
Q

T/F: Neutrophilia is commonly seen in bacterial infections

A

TRUE

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20
Q

What is a lymphocyte?

A

B cells, T cells, and NK cells
circulate for about 4 months between blood and lymphoid tissues searching for ANTIGENS (T & B)

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21
Q

What happens if a lymphocyte (T cell, B cell) meets their antigen in secondary lymphoid tissue?

A

they get activated and some differentiate into memory cells

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22
Q

T/F: B and T cells are part of adaptive immunity

A

TRUE

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23
Q

What do endothelial cells line?

A

blood vessels
lymph vessels

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24
Q

Endothelial cells have ____ that allow circulating leukocyte to know where they are in the body

A

addressins

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25
Q

What are addressins?

A

adhesion molecules in endothelial cells
allow circulating leukocyte to know where they are in the body

26
Q

Addressins are [upregulated/down regulated] during infection to facilitate binding of _______ to the ______ cells & their subsequent exit to the site of infection

A

upregulated
neutrophils
endothelial cells

27
Q

All immune cells originate from ______

A

bone marrow

28
Q

What are the three lineages of immune cells?

A

erythroid
myeloid
lymphoid

29
Q

What are erythroids?

A

red blood cells
platelets

30
Q

What are myeloids?

A

monocytes
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
some dendritic cells *important in initiation of immune response
mast cells

31
Q

What are lymphoid?

A

B cells
T cells
NK cells
some dendritic cells

32
Q

Myeloid dendritic cells are important because they ________

A

play a role in initiating an adaptive immunity response

33
Q

List categories of myeloid cells

A

granulocytes
dendritic cells
mast cells

34
Q

When are granulocytes released?

A

released in a mature state
myeloid cell

35
Q

Dendritic cells migrate to ______ and mature. These are important _____ cells and _____ cells. It is key in initiating adaptive immune response

A

tissues
sentinel cells & antigen-presenting cells
myeloid cell

36
Q

Mast cell precursors leave bone marrow and mature in ______. They live from weeks to months and important in ____ infection and allergies.

A

tissues
parasitic
myeloid cell

37
Q

T lymphocytes are [myeloid/lymphoid/erythroid]. They are released [mature/immature] from bone marrow as _______ and go to the thymus to [mature/degrade]

A

lymphoid
immature
pre-T cells
mature

38
Q

What happens in the thymus regarding T lymphocytes?

A

a T-cell receptor is generated by DNA rearrangement

39
Q

B lymphocytes are [myeloid/lymphoid/erythroid]. They are released [mature/immature] from bone marrow as _______ and go primary lymphoid tissue to [mature/degrade]

A

lymphoid
immature
pre-B cells
mature

40
Q

What is the bursa of Fabricius?

A

lymphoid organ in birds, B cells

41
Q

In the primary lymphoid tissue, the B cell develops its ______, called

A

receptor
BCR

42
Q

If the BCR recognizes an antigen during development, it is ______. If it does not recognize an antigen, it ______

A

eliminated
matures and go to secondary lymphoid tissue

43
Q

T/F: NK cells are released immature from bone marrow cells like T and B lymphocytes

A

FALSE - mature!

44
Q

NK cells [are / are not] antigen specific and are part of [innate/adaptive] immunity

A

are not
innate
(they also have no memory)`

45
Q

Which cell types are antigen specific?

A

T & B cells

46
Q

When does differentiation in secondary lymphoid organ occur regarding T and B cells?

A

when a mature, naive B or T cell meets its antigen

47
Q

B cells differentiate into _______ that secrete _______, or memory cells, which are long-lived clones of the cell

A

effector plasma cells
antibodies

48
Q

T cells, in response to their antigen, differentiate into ______ or ________

A

effector cells
memory cells

49
Q

Primary lymphoid organs are the site of _____

A

lymphocyte development

50
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs are the sites where ____

A

lymphocytes respond to antigens

51
Q

List some primary lymphoid organs

A

thymus (T)
bursa (B, birds)
Peyer’s patches (B, ruminants, pigs, dogs)
bone marrow (B, primates, rabbits, rodents)

52
Q

List some secondary lymphoid organs

A

tonsils
spleen
lymph nodes
peyer’s patches
bone marrow

53
Q

Secondary lymphoid tissue (SLT) [increases/decreases] chances of a lymphocyte meeting its antigen

A

increases

54
Q

T/F: A large number of lymphocytes are located in secondary lymphoid tissues waiting to encounter their antigen

A

TRUE

55
Q

Define lymph node

A

lymphocyte-rich tissue connected to lymphatic system
where adaptive immune response to LYMPH-borne antigen is initiated

56
Q

Where is the adaptive immune response to lymph-borne antigen initiated?

A

lymph node

57
Q

The spleen is the site for ________

A

adaptive immune response to BLOOD-borne antigens

58
Q

What is MALT?

A

mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue
where adaptive immune response to antigens invading from the mucosal surfaces is initiated

59
Q

Where is the adaptive immune response to antigens invading from the mucosal surfaces initiated?

A

MALT

60
Q

All blood cells originate from ______

A

bone marrow

61
Q

B and T lymphocytes play central role in the [innate/adaptive] immune response

A

adaptive

62
Q

If newly developed lymphocytes have receptors for self-antigens, they are _____ before they can leave the _______

A

killed
primary lymphoid organ

Immunology (36 decks)

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