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Biology > Cells YR10 > Flashcards

Cells YR10 Flashcards

1
Q

What are villi?

A

Finger-like projections in the small intestine

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2
Q

What is the digestive system?

A

Organ system where food is broken down

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3
Q

What does the digestive system do?

A

Breaks down and absorbs food

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4
Q

Name eight organs of the digestive system

A

Mouth, salivary glands, oesophagus (gullet), stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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5
Q

What does bile do?

A

Neutralises stomach acid and emulsifies fats

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6
Q

What do glands in the digestive system do?

A

Release enzymes

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7
Q

Where are food molecules absorbed?

A

Small intestine

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8
Q

What is a nutrient?

A

A substance needed for growth, repair and metabolism

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9
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The sum of all the metabolic reactions in the body.

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10
Q

What are the seven nutrients of a balanced diet?

A

Carbohydrate, fat, protein, vitamins, minerals, fibre and water

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11
Q

What is a balanced diet?

A

A diet with a balanced proportion of nutrients

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12
Q

What is a simple sugar?

A

A carbohydrate consisting of either one or two sugar units e.g. glucose and sucrose

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13
Q

What is a carbohydrate?

A

Molecule made up of units of sugars containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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14
Q

What is a complex carbohydrate?

A

Long chain of simple sugars bonded together

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15
Q

Give three examples of complex carbohydrates.

A

Starch, glycogen, cellulose

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16
Q

What chemical is used to test for carbohydrates?

A

Benedict’s solution

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17
Q

What is the colour change of Benedict’s solution when a sugar is present?

A

Blue to red

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18
Q

What chemical is used to test for starch?

A

Iodine solution

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19
Q

What is the colour iodine turns if starch is present?

A

Blue-black

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20
Q

What are the roles of proteins in living things?

A

Enzymes and building blocks of the body

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21
Q

Name 4 functions of proteins?

A

Muscle structure, hormones, antibodies, enzymes

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22
Q

What are amino acids?

A

The building blocks of proteins

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23
Q

What are the four main elements that proteins are made of?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

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24
Q

What is the structure of proteins?

A

Chains of amino acids

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25
Q

What happens if a protein gets too hot?

A

It is denatured

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26
Q

What chemical is used to test for proteins?

A

Biuret reagent

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27
Q

What is the colour change of Biuret solution when a protein is present?

A

Blue to purple

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28
Q

What are lipids?

A

Fats and oils

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29
Q

What are lipids made of?

A

1 molecule of glycerol bonded to 3 molecules of fatty acids

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30
Q

How do you test for lipids?

A

Ethanol test

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31
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

Biological catalyst

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32
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

Catalysts increase the rate of chemical reactions.

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33
Q

What is a substrate?

A

Substance that is changed by an enzyme

34
Q

What is meant by ‘optimum conditions’?

A

The best conditions

35
Q

What factors affect the action of an enzyme?

A

Temperature & pH

36
Q

What is the optimum temperature for human enzymes?

A

37°C

37
Q

How does high temperature inactivate enzymes?

A

It denatures protein which changes their shape

38
Q

How does pH affect enzymes?

A

pH can affect the shape of the enzyme’s active site

39
Q

What is a carbohydrase?

A

An enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates

40
Q

What is amylase?

A

An enzyme that breaks down starch into simple sugars

41
Q

Where is amylase made?

A

Salivary glands and the pancreas

42
Q

What is a protease?

A

An enzyme that breaks down proteins

43
Q

Where are proteases made?

A

The stomach (pepsin), pancreas and small intestine

44
Q

Why do proteases work best in the stomach?

A

It is very acidic

45
Q

What is a lipase?

A

An enzyme that breaks down lipids

46
Q

Where is lipase made?

A

Pancreas and small intestine.

47
Q

Why do lipases and enzymes of the pancreas work best in the small intestine?

A

It is alkaline

48
Q

How many chambers are there in the heart?

A

4

49
Q

What are the chambers of the heart?

A

Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle,

50
Q

What structures in the heart prevent blood from flowing backwards?

A

Heart valves

51
Q

How is heart rate controlled by the body?

A

A group of cells that act as a pacemaker.

52
Q

Why is the human circulatory system called a double circulatory system?

A

Blood passes through the heart twice for every circuit around the body

53
Q

What is oxygenated blood?

A

Blood containing a high level of oxygen

54
Q

What is deoxygenated blood?

A

Blood containing a low level of oxygen

55
Q

Which side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs?

A

Right side

56
Q

Which side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body?

A

Left side

57
Q

Which veins return deoxygenated blood to the heart?

A

Vena cava

58
Q

Which artery takes deoxygenated blood the lungs?

A

Pulmonary artery

59
Q

Which veins return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?

A

Pulmonary veins

60
Q

Which artery takes blood from the heart to the rest of the body?

A

Aorta

61
Q

Which arteries supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle?

A

Coronary arteries

62
Q

Name the four main components of blood?

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma

63
Q

What is haemoglobin?

A

Molecule that carries oxygen

64
Q

Give three ways white blood cells protect the body?

A

Engulf pathogens, produce antibodies and produce antitoxins

65
Q

What is the function of blood plasma?

A

Transports blood cells, platelets and dissolved substances around the body

66
Q

Name seven dissolved substances that are transported in blood plasma?

A

Hormones, proteins, lipids, glucose, carbon dioxide, urea, lactic acid

67
Q

What is urea?

A

Waste product

68
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

Forms blood clots which prevents blood leaving the body

69
Q

What is an exothermic reaction?

A

A reaction that transfers thermal energy to the environment

70
Q

Give an example of an exothermic reaction

A

Respiration

71
Q

Give five ways cells use energy

A

Building up molecules and breaking down molecules, transferring heat, active transport, making muscles contract

72
Q

What is glycogen?

A

Stored glucose

73
Q

Where is glycogen stored?

A

Muscles and liver

74
Q

What happens to your heart and breathing rate when you exercise?

A

Increase

75
Q

What happens to glycogen when you exercise?

A

Converted to glucose

76
Q

What is an endothermic reaction?

A

A reaction that transfers thermal energy from the environment

77
Q

Give an example of an endothermic reaction

A

Photosynthesis

78
Q

What four factors can limit photosynthesis?

A

Light, temperature, carbon dioxide concentration, amount of chlorophyll in the leaf

79
Q

How do plants use glucose?

A

For respiration and for making other molecules

80
Q

What other molecules do plants use glucose to make

A

Carbohydrates like cellulose and starch, lipids, proteins

81
Q

What is cellulose?

A

Complex sugar that strengthens plant cell walls

82
Q

What is starch?

A

Stored glucose

Biology (7 decks)

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