Cellular Regulation

Question 1

What is the concept of cellular regulation?

Answer 1

the process by which cells replicate, proliferate, and grow

Question 2

4 types of cells

Answer 2

erythrocytes

thrombocytes

leukocytes

neoplastic cells

Question 3

Erythrocyte role in the body

Answer 3

RBCs are responsible for transporting nutrients and oxygen to the body tissues and waste products from the tissues

Question 4

Thrombocyte role in the body

Answer 4

The platelets are responsible for clotting

Question 5

Leukocyte role in the body

Answer 5

WBCs are responsible for fighting infection. WBCs are further divided into granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) and agranulocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes)

Question 6

Neoplastic cells (2)

Answer 6

Neoplastic (referring to cells that abnormally proliferate) disorders are also alterations in cellular regulation.

Cancer results from an alteration in cellular regulation resulting in out-of-control cell growth

Question 7

Pediatric development (RBC production)

Answer 7

The production of blood cells in the embryo begins by 8 weeks’ gestation. In the embryo, blood cells primarily form in the liver; EPO, the hormone that regulates RBC production, is derived primarily from the liver in the fetus, and after birth the kidneys take over this production.

Question 8

Pediatric development (hemoglobin)- 3

Answer 8

Three types of normal hemoglobin (Hgb) are present at any given time in the blood: Hgb A, Hgb F or fetal, and Hgb A2

After 6 months of age, Hgb A is the predominant type

The production of the cells transfers from the liver to the bone marrow of the long and flat bones, the balance between oxygenation and production is affected

Question 9

Pediatric development (iron) -2

Answer 9

The fetus receives iron through the placenta from the mother

In the term infant, a period of physiologic anemia occurs between the age of 2 and 6 months. This is due to the fact that the infant demonstrates rapid growth and an increase in blood volume over the first several months of life, and maternally derived iron stores are depleted by 4 to 6 months of age

Question 10

Pediatric vs Adult Cancer (7)

Answer 10

Pediatric cancers most often arise from primitive embryonal (mesodermal) and neuroectodermal tissues, resulting in leukemias, lymphomas, sarcomas, or central nervous system (CNS) tumors

Adult cancer mostly arises from epithelial cells, resulting in carcinomas

In children, warning signs of cancer are most often related to changes in blood cell production or as a result of compression, infiltration, or obstruction by tumor

In adults, cancer usually occurs when normal cells begin to grow abnormally

Adult cancers also tend to be localized, affecting only parts of organs, such as the lung, liver, breast, or prostate

In children, cancers usually form in rapidly growing developmental cell types in the blood, brain, soft tissue, and bone

Cancers often have begun to spread throughout the body at the time of diagnosis

Question 11

Pediatric outlook on cancer (4)

Answer 11

Children are treated more aggressively than adults are

Very responsive to chemotherapy

75% of all children will survive more than 5 years

Children are usually healthy. Kids are very responsive to treatment. Drugs that are ineffective in adults are spectacularly effective in children.

Question 12

Epidemiology of childhood cancer

Answer 12

 Leukemia is the most common childhood cancer
 Brain tumors are second most common
 Lymphomas are the third most common
 4th most common - solid tumors outside the CNS

Question 13

Childhood cancer s/s (7)

Answer 13

	Unusual mass or swelling
	Unexplained paleness and loss of energy
	Spontaneous bruising
	Prolonged, unexplained fever
	Headaches in morning
	Sudden eye or vision changes
	Excessive, rapid weight loss