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Year 8 science 2023 > Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Cellular Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

What is aerobic cellular respiration?

A

-This is a chemical reaction occurring in all cells to release energy from the sugar glucose
-The word equation for A.C.R is:

Glucose + Oxygen —-> Carbon Dioxide + Water

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2
Q

What is breathing?

A

-Breathing is the action of inhaling and exhaling using your diaphragm muscles.

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3
Q

What happens to the diaphragm when you inhale and exhale?

A

-Inhaling: Contract flat
-Exhaling: Relax Dome shaped

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4
Q

What happens to the ribcage when you inhale and exhale?

A

-Inhaling: Up and out
-Exhaling: Down and in

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5
Q

What are the 3 (technically 4) properties of an exchange surface?

A

-Large surface area so there is more available membrane for diffusion to occur across.
-Thin membrane for short diffusion distance
-Rich blood supply to maintain the concentration gradient
(Additional)
-Moisture so gases dissolve quicker

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6
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

-Cellular respiration is a chemical reaction which breaks down glucose to release energy in cells. There are two types of cellular respiration, aerobic and anaerobic

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7
Q

Where does A.C.R occur?

A

The mitochondria

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8
Q

Where does anaerobic respiration occur?

A

The cytosol

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9
Q

What is the purpose of A.C.R?

A

Remember: the purpose of aerobic cellular respiration is to RELEASE energy from glucose
Glucose (energy) > energy released > forms ATP (energy) > energy released
- The energy released from the bonds within the glucose molecules are harnessed in the production of ATP
-Adenosine Triphophate

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10
Q

How much ATP does A.C.R produce?

A

A.C.R releases enough energy to make 30-32 ATP molecules

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11
Q

What is ATP?

A

-ATP has three phosphate groups attached
-There is a lot of energy stored within the phosphate bonds
-ATP IS THE ENERGY STORE INSIDE OUR CELLS. THIS ENERGY STARTED IN GLUCOSE AND WAS RELEASED IN A.C.R
- Each phosphate group can be removed to release energy when needed
The first bond broken has a lot of energy, the second some and the third a little bit

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12
Q

Why do we need ATP (list three processes that require ATP) ?

A
  1. Active transport
  2. Muscle contraction
  3. Protein synthesis
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13
Q

Describe what is occurring in the cheetah’s leg muscles while sprinting

A

-The Cheetah is sprinting which involves muscle contractions
-This means that there is a lot of A.C.R occurring in the mitochondria in the cells to produce ATP for this muscle contraction

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14
Q

Describe what is occurring in the Panda’s digestive system which enables it to gain energy (Panda is chewing bamboo)

A

-Panda is breaking down bamboo into glucose
-This means that glucose is then used for aerobic cellular respiration occurring in the mitochondria in the cells to produce ATP

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15
Q

Describe what is happening in the person’s skeletal muscles
(shivering)

A

-The person is shivering which involves muscle contractions
This means that there is a lot of aerobic cellular respiration occurring in the mitochondria in the cells to produce ATP for this muscle contraction

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16
Q

Explain why oxygen has a higher percentage when we breathe in, when compared to when we breathe out

A

-Because A.C.R needs oxygen as a reactant
-Then we use some of the oxygen that is breathed in for aerobic cellular respiration
-Therefore, we breathe out less oxygen than we breathe in

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17
Q

How are smaller molecules made into bigger ones with ATP (an example)

A

-Energy released by respiration is used to build; for example, plants make amino acids from sugars and nitrates

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18
Q

Describe how oxygen gets into the body and then the blood stream

A

-It is breathed into the alveoli in the lungs. This means it then diffuses from the alevioli in the lungs to the capillaries lining the lungs to the bloodstream.

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19
Q

What does it mean to have a double circulatory system?

A

-This means that blood flows through the heart twice on one journey around the body
-Blood flows from heart to the lungs to exchange gases, then back to the heart, then around the body, then back to the heart…repeat

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20
Q

What are the three types of blood vessels?

A
  1. Arteries
    -Carry blood away from the heart
  2. Veins
    -Carry blood into the heart
  3. Capillaries
    -Exchange nutrients/waste with cells (connect the other two with cells)
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21
Q

How do red bloods cells transport oxygen?

A

-Oxygen is transported by red blood cells in the blood
-These contain a protein called haemoglobin which binds to the oxygen in the lungs and releases oxygen in cells

22
Q

Path of blood

A

1.Blood leaves the right side of the heart to go to the lungs
2. Blood leaves the lung carrying more oxygen and goes to the heart
3. Blood leaves the heart to go to the body
4. Blood carrying less oxygen goes back to the heart

23
Q

Why are capillaries important?

A

-Capillaries connect arteries and veins
-Capillaries are in contact with every single cell in the body
-Gases are exchanged between capillaries and cells via diffusion as the blood maintains a concentration gradient between the cells and the blood

24
Q

Explain how oxygen moves into a body cell

A

-Because oxygen can diffuse into a cell,
-Then oxygen has moved from a higher concentration in the red blood cell, through a partially permeable membrane
-And therefore gone to the lower concentration in the cytosol of the body cell

25
Q

How are capillaries structured to maintain rapid diffusion rates?

A

Capillaries are very thin, allowing for a shorter diffusion distance. They also have a large surface area, allowing for more available membrane for diffusion to occur across

26
Q

Explain how oxygen moves from the lungs into the bloodstream

A

Because oxygen moves into the bloodstream by diffusion
Then oxygen has moved from a higher concentration in the alveoli of the lungs, through a partially permeable membrane, to a low concentration in the blood
Therefore going into the cytosol of red blood cells

27
Q

What is the effect of respiration on blood flow?

A

-When the rate of respiration increases because the body needs more energy (i.e during exercise) this increases the demand for these reactants
-Demand influences supply-the blood must flow faster around the body to deliver oxygen and glucose to cells at a faster rate
-Your heart rate would also increase as your heart is responsible for moving/pumping the blood around

28
Q

Why is there less oxygen present in your exhaled air?

A

BECAUSE IT IS USED BY YOUR BODY
SAME GOES FOR CO2 AND WATER VAPOUR

29
Q

Explain how water will move from the capillaries lining the lungs to the space inside the lungs

A

-Because water will move by osmosis
-Then it will move from a high concentration in the capillaries lining the lungs, trough the gaps in the phospholipid bilayer, to a low concentration in the spaces inside the lungs (alveoli)
-It is therefore breathed out in the form of water vapour

30
Q

Explain how carbon dioxide will move from the cell to the space inside the lungs

A

Because CO2 moves by diffusion
Then it will move from a high concentration in the cell, through the partially permeable membrane, to a low concentration in the space inside the lungs
It is therefore breathed out

31
Q

How much ATP does anaerobic cellular respiration produce?

A

2 ATP molecules

32
Q

What can lactic acid do?

A

Lactic acid (also known as lactate) can cause cramps in muscles

This also creates an oxygen debt (i.e panting after exercise to regain oxygen)
-Need to continue inhaling large volumes of oxygen in order to allow lactate, which is transported to the liver, to be broken down completely into carbon dioxide and water
-This oxygen debt can also be referred to as Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption

33
Q

What is the chemical formula for lactic acid?

A

2C3H6O3

34
Q

Why does lactate levels increase in the blood after exercise?

A

-Because muscles are working harder and demand more oxygen than the body can provide
-Then the respiration becomes anaerobic
-Therefore, glucose is broken down in to lactic acid which causes it to build up in the blood as it cannot be removed

35
Q

What does the blood have that allows it to transport oxygen?

A

Haemoglobin binds to oxygen molecules in the red blood cell

36
Q

What is the function of digestive system in relation to cellular respiration?

A

-Breaks down carbohydrates into glucose to supply it for respiration

37
Q

What is the function of the respiratory system in relation to cellular respiration?

A

-Exchange gases to supply oxygen for respiration and remove carbon dioxide and water

38
Q

What is the function of the circulatory system in relation to cellular respiration?

A

-Transports materials around the body such as glucose and oxygen (reactants of respiration) and carbon dioxide and water (products of respiration)

39
Q

Explain what is meant by the term oxygen debt.

A

Because the body has undergone Anaerobic cellular respiration. then there is a build up of lactic acid; therefore, the body needs to inhale large volumes of oxygen in order to break down lactate into Carbon Dioxide and Water.

40
Q

Why is yeast useful?

A

-We can take advantage of fermentation in yeast
-Yeast can be dehydrated and stored very easily. They can then be reactivated when we want
-If we put yeast into an anaerobic environment it will undertake fermentation, producing ethanol and carbon dioxide
-In bread-making and baking we make use of the carbon dioxide bubbles that form to make our dough rise
In alcohol production (such as brewing beer) we make use of the ethanol produced

40
Q

What is anaerobic cellular respiration in yeast referred to as?

A

Anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast is referred to as ‘fermentation’
During fermentation, glucose is broken down to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide

41
Q

During exercise, the concentration of Co2 in the blood increases. Explain what causes this increase (2 MARKS)

A

-Because there is an increase in aerobic cellular respiration,
-Then there will be a higher concentration of CO2 produced inside the cells
-Therefore, CO2 will diffuse into the blood thus increasing the blood’s concentration of CO2

42
Q

Exercise can’t be sustained when anaerobic cellular respiration takes place in muscles cells. Explain why (3 marks)

A

-Because anaerobic cellular respiration produces lactic acid and forms only 2 ATP molecules
-Then lactic acid builds up, causing muscles to cramp and there isn’t much energy released
-Therefore, anaerobic cellular respiration can’t be sustained

43
Q

What is anaerobic cellular respiration in yeast referred to as?

A

Anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast is referred to as ‘fermentation’
During fermentation, glucose is broken down to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide

44
Q

What is anaerobic cellular respiration in yeast referred to as?

A

Anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast is referred to as ‘fermentation’
During fermentation, glucose is broken down to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide

45
Q

What organ helps to break down lactic acid?

A

The Liver

46
Q

Compare aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration.

A

-1.Occurs in the mitochondria/ Occurs in the cytosol
-2. Produces 30-32 ATP/ Produces 2 ATP
-3. requires oxygen/ doesn’t require oxygen
-4. Glucose is fully broken down/ Glucose is partially broken down
-5. Products are CO2 and water/ products are lactic acid OR ethanol and CO2

47
Q

What is the test for Ethanol?

A

-Potassium dichromate (this can tell us if yeast has undergone respiration or not)
-Orange to blue is a positive test

48
Q

What is the formula for ethanol?

A

C2H5OH

49
Q

What is the chemical equation for anaerobic cellular respiration in yeast?

A

C6H12O6 > 2C2H5OH+2CO2

50
Q

What is yeast?

A

-Yeasts are eukaryotic (have membrane bound organelles like us). single-celled microorganisms classified as members of the fungus kingdom

Year 8 science 2023 (6 decks)

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