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Psychology > Ch 1 -3 > Flashcards

Ch 1 -3 Flashcards

1
Q

Steps to the scientific method

A
  1. Observation
  2. Create hypothesis
  3. Experiment
  4. Form conclusion
  5. Create theory
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2
Q

Define mental process:

A

activities of our brain when engaged in thinking, observing the environment and using language

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3
Q

Define behaviour:

A

observable activities of an organism

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4
Q

4 Goals of Pysch:

A
  • Describe the behaviours you observe
  • Explanation: theories to explain events
  • Prediction: try to predict the circumstances under which behaviours and mental processes will occur
  • Control: advise how to control behaviours
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5
Q

Levels of analysis:

A
  • brain: neural activity
  • Individual: emotions, ideas, thoughts
  • Group: friends, family culture
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6
Q

Wilhelm Wundt known for?

A
  • father of pysch
  • made first psych lab (1879)
  • started voluntarism (studied consciousness)
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7
Q

Structuralism and what it used:

A

an attempt to identify all of the basic elements of consciousness
-used introspection

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8
Q

Introspection:

A

looking within to find conscious elements and describes the mental processes

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9
Q

Functionalism:

A

mental processes are fluid and emphasizes the function of the mind in relation to changing environment

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10
Q

William James:

A
  • set up first psych lab in US at Harvard

- wrote first pysch textbook: Principles of psychology

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11
Q

Pyschanalysis

A

the belief that people’s behaviour are based on their unconscious desires

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12
Q

Sigmund Freud:

A

developed a form of therapy that aimed to resolve unconscious conflicts

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13
Q

Behaviourism:

A

the belief that the scientific investigation of pysch should be focused only on behaviours you can observe

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14
Q

Humanistic psychology:

A

stresses a person’s capacity for growth, freedom to choose their destiny and positive qualities

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15
Q

Abraham Maslow:

A 
developed the hierarchy of need:
-self-actualization
-esteem needs
-belonging and love
safety needs
psych needs
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16
Q

Cognitive Psych:

A

focused on the important role of mental processes in how people process the info, develop language, solve problems and think

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17
Q

Cultural psych:

A

study of how cognitive processes vary across different populations

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18
Q

Cross-cultural psych:

A

study of cognitive processes that are universal regardless of the culture

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19
Q

Behavioural genetics:

A

examines the influence of genes on human behaviour

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20
Q

Evolutionary psych:

A

evolution and genetic inheritance are important in shaping our thoughts and behaviours

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21
Q

3 Branches of psych:

A
  1. Clinical + counselling
  2. Academic
  3. Applied (schools, marketing)
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22
Q

The two definitions of science:

A
  1. The universe operates under certain natural laws

2. Such laws are discoverable and testable

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23
Q

What does the scientific method use?

A

-inductive and deductive reasoning

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24
Q

Why do psychologist use inductive reasoning?

A

based on empirical observations that lead to the development of theories

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25
Q

What is the flow of deductive reasoning?

A

theory-> predictions-> observation/experiment

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26
Q

What is the flow of inductive reasoning?

A

observation->predictions-> theory

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27
Q

What is the flow of hypotheticodeductive reasoning?

A

Hypothesis-> observation/ experiment->hypothesis supported or not supported = theory

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28
Q

Psychology:

A

uses scientific method to study human behaviour and mental process

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29
Q

Steps in scientific method:

A
  1. read the literature and identify the question
  2. Hypothesis: predict what will happen
  3. Identify variables of interest
  4. Choose participants
  5. Choose a research method
  6. Experiment
  7. Analyze/ create hypothesis
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30
Q

Independent variable (IV):

A

the variable you manipulate

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31
Q

Dependent variable (DV):

A

the variable that you measure

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32
Q

What else must a researcher do in an experiment:

A

operationalize variables

how do you decide how to measure a variable

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33
Q

What type of participants are there?

A
  • populations
  • sample
  • random selection
  • sampling bias: choosing a sample that doesn’t represent your population
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34
Q

What is descriptive research? (3)

A

-method used to observe and describe behaviour
-used to determine the existence of a relationship between the variable
does not specify causation between variables

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35
Q

What is experimental research?

A
  • to demonstrate a cause and effect relationship between variables
  • manipulates at least one variable to examine changes in others
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36
Q

What is a case study? with adv and dis

A
  • intensive study of 1-2 people
  • adv: only method you can use if the type of behaviour is rare. Also very detailed
  • dis: you can’t generalize your research to all people. Can’t determine cause and effect. Also has researcher bias
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37
Q

What is a naturalistic observation? with adv and dis

A
  • systematic observation of people behaving as they normally do in their natural environment
  • adv: can study things that are too unethical; or that people might lie about
  • dis: time-consuming, can’t determine cause and effect, researcher bias
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38
Q

What is a survey? with adv and dis

A
  • ask people discreetly about their behaviours through questionnaire or interview
  • adv: quick and cheap
  • dis: people aren’t always honest, social desirability bias, can’t determine cause and effect
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39
Q

What is a experiment? with adv and dis

A
  • controlled observation in which researchers manipulate an independent variable to see if it causes the dependent variable to change
  • adv: establishes cause and effect
  • dis: can’t always generalize results, doesn’t always apply to the real world
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40
Q

Experiment group:

A

the group exposed to the IV

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41
Q

Controlled group:

A

group that isn’t exposed to the IV; this group is used to compare how the IV changes the DV

42
Q

What does a correlation indicate?

A

predictable relationships between two or more variables

43
Q

Correlation coefficient:

A

expresses the strength and nature of the relationships between variables

44
Q

Positive Correlation: plus example

A

when one variable increases the other increase ie: +1.00 perfect positive

45
Q

Negative correlation: plus example

A

when one variable increases the other decreases -1.00 perfect negative

46
Q

Perfect correlation: plus example

A

when a change in one variable always causes the same proportion of change to another variable ie: 00 = no relationship

47
Q

Adv and dis or correlations:

A
  • describes how the variable are related
  • can’t determine cause and effect
  • correlation is not causation
48
Q

Standard Deviation:

A

how much participants scores very from one another

49
Q

p-value:

A

tells you the probability that the results were not due to chance

50
Q

Effect-size:

A

tell you the strength of the relationship between the variables. Larger = stronger relationship

51
Q

Research Ethics Board: (REB) and example

A

considered the ethics police. They make sure everyone who conducts research follows the ethical guidelines. Ex: obtain infomed consent

52
Q

Developmental Psych:

A

Stages or discontinuous development a distinct phase in which we think behave or respond differently than before ie: puberty

53
Q

Quantitative development

A

Continuous development

54
Q

Critical periods

A

Points in development when an organism is extremely sensitive to environmental input making it easier for the organism to acquire certain brain functions and behaviours

55
Q

Konrad Lorenz:

A

Baby imprints after first 36 hours of birth

56
Q

Sensitive periods

A

Term used to describe the periods of development

57
Q

Cross-sectional research and example

A

Compares groups of different aged people to one another at a single point in time ie: 30 yr olds vs 60 yr olds vs 90 yr olds

58
Q

Longitudinal research and example

A

Studies the same group of individuals over multiple time points ie: same group of people at 30 yrs, 60 yrs, 90 yrs

59
Q

Genes

A

Building blocks of our biological inheritance

60
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid

A

Molecules with genetic info on side

61
Q

Chromosomes

A

Strands of DNA, 46 chromosomes in pairs

62
Q

Allele

A

Variations of a gene

63
Q

Homozygous

A

Both parents contribute the same genetic material for a particular trait

64
Q

Heterozygotes

A

Parents contribute two different alleles to offspring

65
Q

Genotype

A

Sum total of all the genes that a person inherits

66
Q

Phenotype

A

The way in which genes are actually expressed or observed characteristics

67
Q

Dominant recessive. Example

A

Dominant gene affects characteristics, the recessive gene has no effects ie tongue rolling

68
Q

Codominant. Example

A

Both of the parents genes are exposed (blood type)

69
Q

Mixture. Example

A

A mixture of genetic coding is expressed ie: blended skin colour

70
Q

Stage one of prenatal development and what happens

A

Germinal 0 - 2 weeks
starts with conception with egg plus sperm
- ends when blastocyst implants in uterus

71
Q

Second stage of prenatal development and what happens

A

Embryo 3–8 weeks all major organs developed

72
Q

Stage 3 of prenatal development and what happens

A

Period of fetus 9–40 weeks rapid growth

73
Q

Teratogen

A

Any substance that causes damage during prenatal period Including diseases

74
Q

FAS

A

Neurons do not form proper networks in brain

75
Q

Celphalocaudal

A

Growth from top down head grows faster than feet

76
Q

Proximodistal

A

Growth from inside out torso grows faster than arm/legs

77
Q

Reflexes and when they are developed and an example

A

Programmed physical reactions to certain causes that do not require conscious thought to perform. Example brush babies cheek they cycle for milk nerves connect after birth and continue to grow more connected

78
Q

Piagets Developmental theory on how children learn

A

Schemas, assimilation, accommodation, equilibrium

79
Q

What is the first stage of basic conative development for child

A

Sensoimotor 0-2 yrs uses senses and motor skills

80
Q

What is the second stage for cognitive development for children

A

Preoperational 2 to 7 years hold representation of ideas and imagination can’t consider other perspectives

81
Q

What is the third basic stage of cognitive development for children

A

Concrete operational 7 to 11 years can consider complex relationships understands conservation, can’t think abstractly

82
Q

What is the fourth basic stage of cognitive development for children

A

Formal operational 11+ years able to think abstractly and hypothetically

83
Q

What is the information processing theory?

A

Uses operant conditioning and habituation to test for learning and remembering

84
Q

List 4 parenting styles

A

Authoritarian, permissive, uninvolved, authoritative

85
Q

List three parenting cultures

A

Individualistic, collectivist, reciprocal socialization

86
Q

What is the zone of proximal development

A

The gap between what a child can learn on their own and what they can learn with help from others

87
Q

Kohlberg’s Theory and example

A

Examines how children develop moral reasoning.

Presented children with hypothetical moral dilemmas and ask them to solve it

88
Q

What are the three stages of moral development?

A

Preconventional, conventional, postconventional

89
Q

What happens in adolescence physical development

A

Development of primary and secondary sex characteristics.
Primary: reproductive system
Secondary: breast, voice drop

90
Q

Risk factors for commissions of violent crimes during adolescence/Adulthood

A

Family violence, multiple clinical disorders, gun risk, antisocial parent, peer violence

91
Q

Equifinality

A

Individuals may start out from different places but through life experiences they wind up functioning in similar ways

92
Q

Multifinality

A

Individual start from the same point yet wind up in many different psychological places

93
Q

1st stages of Eriksons psychological Development:

A

Trust versus mistrust birth - age . Infants develop basic trust in others

94
Q

2nd stages of Eriksons psychological Development:

A

Autonomy versus shame and doubt. 1-3. Children exercise their new motor skills and if caregivers are encouraging, child develops autonomy vs. shame and doubt

95
Q

3rd stages of Eriksons psychological Development:

A

Initiative vs. guilt. 3-6. Children enjoy initiating activities and mastering new tasks. Supportive caregivers promote feeling of power and self-confidence vs. guilt.

96
Q

4th stages of Eriksons psychological Development:

A

Industry vs. inferiority. 6-12. Children learn productive skills and develop the capacity to work with others; if not, they feel inferior

97
Q

5th stages of Eriksons psychological Development:

A

Identity vs. role confusion 12-20. Adolescents seek to develop a identity and sense of their role in society.. failure leads to lack of stable identity and confusion about their adult roles

98
Q

6th stages of Eriksons psychological Development:

A

Intimacy vs isolation 20-30. Young adults work to establish intimate relationships with others, if they don’t they face isolation

99
Q

7th stages of Eriksons psychological Development:

A

Generativity vs. self-absorption 30-65. Middle aged-adults seek to influence the welfare of the next gen. If they fail they become self absorbed.

100
Q

8th stages of Eriksons psychological Development:

A

Integrity vs. despair 65+. Older people reflect on the lives they have lived. If they do not feel a sense of accomplishment and satisfaction with their lives. they live in fear of death.

Psychology (3 decks)

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