Ch 1 EOC

Question 1

What is indirect assay

Answer 1

Uses a labeled secondary antibody

Question 2

What is direct assay?

Answer 2

Uses a labeled primary antibody

Question 3

What is capture assay?

Answer 3

Analyte is bound between two antibodies, the capture antibody and the detection antibody

Question 4

What is competitive assay?

Answer 4

Used when the target antigen is small and has only one epitope. Consists of labeling purified antigen instead of the antibody

Question 5

Higher NAD+/NADH ratio

Answer 5

Drives catabolism because having more of the oxidized form in the cell signals an energy need

Question 6

Lower NAD+/NADH ratio

Answer 6

Drive fatty acid synthesis because having more of the reduced form in the cell can eventually provide the ATP required for synthesis

Question 7

Lower NADH/NAD+ ratio

Answer 7

Drives catabolism because having more of the oxidized form in the cell signals an energy need

Question 8

Higher FADH2/FAD ratio

Answer 8

Drive processes that result in energy storage

Question 9

What is the absolute configuration of selenocysteine?

Answer 9

S

Question 10

What is the absolute configuration of cysteine?

Answer 10

S

Question 11

What is the equivalent RNA sequence of the DNA coding for 3’-ACT-5’?

Answer 11

5’-UGA-3’

Question 12

What codon is the result of 3’-ACT-5’?

Answer 12

Stop codon

Question 13

What amino acid has two atoms in its side chain?

Answer 13

Cysteine

Question 14

How are the pyrimidines cytosine and uracil metabolized?

Answer 14

Cytosine and uracil are converted into beta-alanine and later to malonyl-CoA which is needed for fatty acid synthesis

Question 15

How is glycogen involved in aerobic respiration?

Answer 15

Glycogen can be broken down into glucose, which can directly enter glycolysis

Question 16

How are fatty acids like 3-ketoacyl-CoA involved in aerobic respiration?

Answer 16

Fatty acids like 3-ketoacyl-CoA can be broken down via beta-oxidation to produce two carbon units which are then fed into the citric acid cycle via acetyl-CoA

Question 17

How is glycogen involved in aerobic respiration?

Answer 17

Glycogen can be broken down into glucose, which can directly enter glycolysis

Question 18

What molecules are commonly used in detection or visualization of the antigen of interest in immunoassays that require labeling or conjugation with the antibodies?

Answer 18

Fluorophores, enzymes, radioisotopes, or biotin

Question 19

Transmembrane proteins generally consist of a _______ portion within the lipid bilayer and two _______ portions that face the cytosol and extracellular space

Answer 19

hydrophobic; hydrophilic

Question 20

What are the two primary determiners of protein tertiary structure?

Answer 20

Interactions between charged amino acid side chains and accumulation of hydrophobic side chains towards the inside of a globular protein, away from the charged solvent (water)

Question 21

What are the two main effects of the activation of histone deacetylase?

Answer 21

The rate of transcription of the affected DNA will decrease and DNA-histone attractions will become stronger

Question 22

Insulin is a ______ hormone that promotes a _______ in blood glucose levels.

Answer 22

peptide; decrease

Question 23

Peptide hormones are ________, ________, and ________.

Answer 23

short-acting; promote second-messenger cascades; and are soluble in water.

Question 24

Steroid hormones ________, ________, and ________.

Answer 24

Bind to its receptor in the nucleus; impact transcription; share cholesterol’s fused-ring hydrocarbon structure