ch 10 - perceiving depth and size

Question 1

oculomotor cues

Answer 1

depth cue based on our ability to sense eye position and eye muscle tension

Question 2

monocular cue

Answer 2

depth cue that can work when we use only one eye

Question 3

binocular cues

Answer 3

depth cues that depend on the use of 2 eyes

Question 4

what are the 2 types of monocular cues?

Answer 4

pictorial cues and movement based cues

Question 5

pictorial cues

Answer 5

depth cues that are used to convey depth in pictures

Question 6

what are the 8 types of pictorial cues

Answer 6

Familiar size
Perspective convergence
Atmospheric convergence
Relative height
Reactive size
Occlusion
Texture gradients
Shadow

Question 7

occlusion

Answer 7

when 1 object partially covers another

Question 8

relative height

Answer 8

we perceive objects higher in our field of vision as farther away

Question 9

familiar size

Answer 9

distance information is based on our knowledge of object size

Question 10

relative size

Answer 10

when objects are equal size, the closer one will take up more of your visual field

Question 11

perspective convergence

Answer 11

parallel lines appear to come together in the distance

Question 12

atmospheric perspectives

Answer 12

distance objects are fuzzy and have a blue tint

Question 13

texture gradient

Answer 13

equally spaced elements are closely packed as distance increases

Question 14

how does binocular disparity result in depth perception?

Answer 14

Binocular disparity (stereoscopic depth perception) is the perception of depth thats created by input from both eyes. And Depth perception is based on “Stereoscopic vision”, which requires two intact eyes that are aligned and move synchronously.

Question 15

What is the Holway + Boring Experiment

Answer 15

Observers sat at an intersection of two hallways & saw a luminous test circle when looking down right hallway and a luminous comparison circle when looking down left hallway.

Task was to adjust diameter of the comparison circle in left corridor to match the subjects perception of sizes of various test circles present in right corridor.

Question 16

Holway + Boring experiment results

Answer 16

size estimation is strongly influenced by object’s visual angle when depth information is eliminated

Question 17

Size constancy

Answer 17

when the size of an object is perceived to remain the same even when it’s viewed from different distances

Question 18

visual angle

Answer 18

the angle of an object relative to an observers eye

Question 19

what factors affect visual angle?

Answer 19

visual angle depends on both the size of the object and the distance from the observer

Question 20

Muller-Lyer Illusion

Answer 20

illusion in which 2 lines of equal length appear to be of different lengths bc of the addition of fins to the ends of the lines

Question 21

muller-lyer illusion explanation

Answer 21

1. misapplied size constant scaling - when mechanisms that help maintain size constancy in the 3D world are applied to 2D pictures, an illusion of size can result
2. Conflicting cues theory: our perception of line length depends on an integration of the actual line length and the overall figure length

Question 22

Ponzo illusion

Answer 22

2 objects of equal size that are positioned between 2 converging lines appear to be different sizes (aka railroad track illusion)

Question 23

ponzo illusion explanation

Answer 23

the top object appears bigger bc of the depth info provided by the converging railroad tracks that make the top object seem farther away

Question 24

moon illusion

Answer 24

the moon appears to be larger when its on or near the horizon than when its high in the sky

Question 25

moon illusion explanation

Answer 25

apparent distance theory - the horizon moon and the zenith moon have the same visual angle but are perceived to be at different distances, so the closer one seems larger

Question 26

convergence

Answer 26

inward movement of the eyes when we focus on nearby objects

Question 27

accommodation

Answer 27

the process by which the eye’s lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina

Question 28

what 2 things are oculomotor cues created by

Answer 28

convergence and accomodation

Question 29

strabismus

Answer 29

misalignment of the eyes (crossed eyes) in which the visual system suppresses vision in 1 of the eyes to avoid double vision, so the person sees the world w/ only 1 eye at a time