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Physiological psych > Ch 12 - Learning And Memory > Flashcards

Ch 12 - Learning And Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

Unable to form new memories

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2
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

The inability to remember events prior to impairment

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3
Q

Are Anterograde and Retrograde amnesia permanent or temporary?

A

They can be permanent or temporary

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4
Q

What memory does amnesia usually affect?

A

Declarative memory (dates, events)

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5
Q

Consolidation

A

Brain forms permanent representation of memory

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6
Q

Retrieval

A

The process of accessing stores memory (the act of remembering)

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7
Q

What is required for consolidation and retrieval

A

Glutamate

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8
Q

What happens when glutamate receptors are blocked?

A

It prevents consolidation and retrieval

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9
Q

The average memory can only hold _____

A

7 numbers

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10
Q

What usually causes memory?

A

High emotional impact

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11
Q

Prefrontal area

A

Directs search strategy for retrieval in the hippocampus

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12
Q

All memories are stored in a single area?

A

False. All memories are not stored in a single area, they’re in different cortical areas according to where the information they are based on was processed

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13
Q

Declarative Memory

A

Involves learning the results in memories of facts, people, and events that a person can verbalize or declare

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14
Q

Episodic memory

A

Events

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15
Q

Semantic Memory

A

Facts

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16
Q

Autobiographical Memory

A

Information about oneself

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17
Q

Spatial memory

A

Location of individual and objects in space

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18
Q

Declarative memory and it’s subtypes require ________

A

Hippocampus

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19
Q

Non-Declarative Memory

A

Involves memories for behaviors

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20
Q

What does non-declarative memory involve?

A

It’s memories result from procedural or skills learning, emotional learning and stimulus-response conditioning

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21
Q

Working Memory

A

Provides a temporary “register” for information while it is being used

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22
Q

What is an assessment used for working memory?

A

Delayed match-to sample tests

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23
Q

What does the Pre-frontal cortex do?

A

Integrates long term memory with other information, manages strategies and decision making, directs working memory traffic in the brain, and coordinated sensory and motor systems

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24
Q

How are synapses strengthened?

A

If an axon of presynaptic neuron is active while the postsynaptic neuron is firing

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25
Q

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

A

Synapse becomes stronger over time

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26
Q

Long-term Depression (LTD)

A

A decree in the strength of synapses that occurs when stimulation of presynaptic neurons is insufficient to activate the postsynaptic neurons

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27
Q

The brain can form new synapses and neurons?

A

True

28
Q

What occurs during Structural Changes?

A

Increased number, enlargement and growth of dendritic spines along with the transportation of additional AMPA receptors into the spines

29
Q

Dendritic spines receive what?

A

Information

30
Q

LTP- initiates what?

A

Growth of hippocampus

31
Q

When does consolidation occur?

A

During sleep

32
Q

Neurons in the hippocampus and cortical areas repeat what?

A

Firing patterns that occurred during awake learning

33
Q

Sleep activated genes play roles in what?

A

Protein synthesis, synaptic modification and memory consolidation

34
Q

Extinction does what?

A

Eliminates useless memories through new learning

35
Q

What does extinction require?

A

Activation of NMDA receptors

36
Q

Forgetting

A

Is an active, adaptive, biological process

37
Q

What encourages memory loss

A

Enzyme PP1 and Rac protein

38
Q

Forgetting may prevent what?

A

The saturation of synapses

39
Q

Re-consolidation happens when?

A

During Memory retrieval

40
Q

Rec-consolidation gives your brain the opportunity to do what?

A

Refined memories, correct errors (PTSD) and to create memories that did not occur

41
Q

What are “false” memories?

A

Memories that did not actually occur

42
Q

Why did researchers long believe that dementia in elderly was inevitable?

A

Due to them having substantially less neurons

43
Q

What usually reflects motivation on memory loss

A

Deficits

44
Q

Reserve hypothesis

A

Having an active lifestyle throughout life promotes neurogenesis

45
Q

What does the Reserve Hypothesis neurons do once elderly

A

Prevent cognitive declines

46
Q

Alzheimer’s

A

A progressive brain deterioration of deceleration memory loss

47
Q

What problems do people with Alzheimer’s have?

A

Language, visuospatial functions, reason and aggression

48
Q

What percent of people over 65 does Alzheimer’s affect?

A

10%

49
Q

What percent of individuals over 85 does Alzheimer’s affect?

A

50%

50
Q

Alzheimer’s is progressive

A

True

51
Q

How does Alzheimer’s effect the brain

A

It shrinks it by eating cortical tissue and cerebral spinal fluid

52
Q

What memory goes first when an individual has Alzheimer’s ?

A

Declarative memory

53
Q

What areas in particular lose the most neurons when an individual has Alzheimer’s ?

A

The temporal and frontal lobes

54
Q

There is an enlargement of ventricles when an individual has Alzheimer’s

A

True

55
Q

Environmental factors correlating to Alzheimer’s

A

Lead exposure in childhood, pesticides, and chronic stress

56
Q

Treatments for Alzheimer’s do what

A

Slow down the decline of the brain but cannot reverse its effects

57
Q

What drugs help improve Alzheimer’s?

A

Cholinesterase inhibitors and memantive

58
Q

When are the drug treatments for Alzheimer’s most effective?

A

In the beginning

59
Q

What scans are used to detect Alzheimer’s?

A

PET and MRI scans

60
Q

Atrophy happen in what areas of the brain when an individual has Alzheimer’s?

A

Temporal and parietal areas

61
Q

What biomarks on the brain help detect Alzheimer’s?

A

Plaques

62
Q

25% of individuals with plaques contract Alzheimer’s within how many years?

A

3

63
Q

What does Kosakoff’s syndrome reduce?

A

Thiamine (vitamin B1)

64
Q

Koraakoff’s causes what cognitive effects?

A

Anterograde Amnesia

65
Q

Confabulation due to confusion between reality and memory is a sign of

A

Damage to the frontal lobes along with declarative memory impairment

Physiological psych (2 decks)

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