Ch 14

Question 1

Positive Psychology

Answer 1

A movement in psychology that focuses on the best (positive) aspects of human nature and how it can be enhances
Influenced by humanism

Question 2

Altruism

Answer 2

An action performed to help others, but does not benefit yourself

Question 3

Helping Behaviour

Answer 3

An action performed to help another person

Question 4

Prosocial Behaviour

Answer 4

An action that is positively valued in society

Question 5

Bystander Intervention

Answer 5

The act of helping a person in distress by people who are not its cause

Question 6

Diffusion of Responsibility

Answer 6

Not intervening because bystanders assume that someone else will

Question 7

Pluralistic Ignorance

Answer 7

People wrongly assume that others endorse a norm

e.g. if no one else is intervening, it may not be necessary

Question 8

Machiavellianism

Answer 8

Individual willingness to exploit others in pursuit of one’s own personal goals

Question 9

Belief in a Just World

Answer 9

The belief that the world is a just place and everyone gets what they deserve

Question 10

Empathy

Answer 10

The ability to take the perspective of others

Question 11

Empathetic Concern

Answer 11

An emotional reaction to the suffering of others which results from taking their perspective
Research suggests that this motivates us to help others

Question 12

Moral Reasoning

Answer 12

The extent to which people’s willingness to help is a function of their own needs rather than from overarching standards

Question 13

Extensivity

Answer 13

A person’s sense that they are obligated to help others, both close and distant

Question 14

Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis

Answer 14

Hypothesis that when people feel empathy for others, they will be more likely to hep that person at a personal cost to the self

Question 15

Kin Selection

Answer 15

Acting differently towards members of the same species depending on their degree of genetic relatedness to the self.
Can deter animals from mating, but can encourage them to act altruistically

Question 16

Reciprocal Altruism

Answer 16

Animals act altruistically towards members of the same species that have already helped them
Gives an incentive to help others, because it heightens their likelihood of being rewarded

Question 17

Social Dilemmas

Answer 17

The need for individuals to pool together and sacrifice their own interests to achieve a group’s goals for the benefit of all.

Question 18

Cooperation

Answer 18

When people put aside their own interests in order to help the group as a whole

Question 19

Defection

Answer 19

When people act in their own interest at the expense of the group

Question 20

Prisoner’s Dilemma

Answer 20

Social dilemma in which ‘prisoners’ have to choose between confessing or not, risking a heavy or light sentence for them and a partner

Question 21

Public Goods Dilemma

Answer 21

A dilemma in which individuals are better off if they do not contribute, although the group is worse off
A defection of this is ‘free riding’

Question 22

Commons Dilemma

Answer 22

A dilemma in which individual interests are served by using a resource but collective interests suffer because the resource is depleted

Question 23

Altruistic Punishment

Answer 23

Paying a personal cost in order to harm a person who has defected

Question 24

Indirect Reciprocity

Answer 24

Paying a personal cost in order to reward a person who has cooperated with other group members

Question 25

Direct Reciprocity

Answer 25

Paying a personal cost toward a person who has cooperated with them personally

Question 26

Distributive Justice

Answer 26

Concern with the justness of the outcomes that people receive

Question 27

Procedural Justice

Answer 27

Concern with the fairness of the processes used to distribute justice

Question 28

Equity Priniciple

Answer 28

Outcomes people receive should be proportional to their merit and contribution

Question 29

Equality Principle

Answer 29

Resources should be distributed equally

Question 30

Need Principle

Answer 30

The focus should be on what people need to survive and thrive

Question 31

Immanent Just Reasoning

Answer 31

The superstitious attribution of good and bad outcomes to related good and bad deeds

Question 32

Group-value Model

Answer 32

People care about justice not only because of the outcomes they receive, but also because their social identity is important. The fairness of outcomes and the processes are an indicator of social status

Question 33

System Justification Theory

Answer 33

People’s dependence on social systems for wealth and security motivates them to justify those social systems

Question 34

Depresses Entitlement Effect

Answer 34

Tendency for women, when given the chance to determine their own pay in an experimental tasks, to pay themselves less than men.