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World History > Ch. 17 Sec. 3 & 4 > Flashcards

Ch. 17 Sec. 3 & 4 Flashcards

1
Q

social causes of the Reformation

A
  • Ren. values of humanism & secularism
  • printing press spread ideas
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2
Q

political causes of Reformation

A
  • powerful monarchs challenged the Church as the supreme power in Europe
  • leaders viewed the pope as a foreign ruler
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3
Q

economic causes of Reformation

A
  • European princes & kings jealous of Church’s wealth
  • merchants & others resented taxes
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4
Q

religious causes of Reformation

A
  • some Church leaders worldy & corrupt
  • many ppl found Church practices like sale of indulgences unacceptable
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5
Q

criticisms of the Catholic church

A

leaders corrupt

popes patronized arts, spent extravagantly, fought wars

lower clergy poorly educated & broke vows

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6
Q

early reformers

A

John Wycliffe of England

Jan Hus of Bohemia

Desiderius Erasmus

Thomas More

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7
Q

John Wycliffe & Jan Hus

A

late 1300s early 1400s

denied that pope had right to worldy power

Bible > Church leaders

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8
Q

Desiderius Erasmus & Thomas More

A

1500s

Christian humanists

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9
Q

Luther’s professions

A

parents wanted him to become lawyer

became monk & teacher

from 1512-death, taught scripture @ University of Wittenberg in the German state of Saxony

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10
Q

Johann Tetzel

A

friar raising money to rebuild St. Peter’s Cathedral in Rome by selling indulgences

gave ppl the impression that could buy way into heaven

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11
Q

95 Theses

A

Oct. 31, 1517 posted statements on door of Wittenberg church & invited other scholars to debate him

someone copied words & printed them

name became known all over Germany

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12
Q

Luther’s teachings

A
  • salvation only by faith in God’s forgiveness
  • all Church teachings should be based on Bible; pope & Church traditions = false authorities
  • all ppl w/ faith are equal; ppl don’t need priests to interpret the Bible for them
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13
Q

Luther’s inspiration

A

when 21, caught in bad thunderstorm

“Saint Anne, help me! I will become a monk.”

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14
Q

what did the Church teach one needs to achieve salvation?

A

faith & “good works”

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15
Q

Pope Leo X

A

1520, issued a decree threatening to excommunicate Luther - did it

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16
Q

emperor’s opposition

A

Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, devout Catholic, opposed Luther.

controlled German states

summoned Luther to town of Worms in 1521 to stand trial & recant his statements

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17
Q

Edict of Worms

A

by Charles V

declared Luther an outlaw & a heretic

all his books to be burned

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18
Q

Prince Frederick the Wise of Saxony

A

disobeyed Edict of Worms & sheltered Luther in one of his castles where translated New Testament into German

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19
Q

the peasants’ revolt

A

1524 German peasants demanded an end to serfdom

bands of angry peasants went abt countryside raiding monasteries, pillaging, burning

horrified Luther who urged the German princes to show no mercy

crushed the revolt, killing lots

felt betrayed & many rejected Luther

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20
Q

which German princes supported Lutheranism and why?

A

northern German princes

some genuinely shared his beliefs, while others like his ideas cuz saw as good excuse to seize Church property & assert independence from Charlves V

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21
Q

Germany at war

A

1529, German princes loyal to pope agreed to join forces against Luther’s ideas

princes loyal to Luther signed a protest against ↑ , called Protestants

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22
Q

3 branches of Protestantism

A

Lutheranism - Martin Luther, Germany

Calvinism - John Calvin, Switzerland

Anglicanism - King Henry VIII, England

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23
Q

Roman Catholicism leadership

A

Pope = head of Church

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24
Q

Roman Catholicism Salvation

A

by faith & good works

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25
Q

Roman Catholicism Bible

A

Church & Bible tradition

26
Q

Roman Catholicism worship service

A

based on ritual

27
Q

Roman Catholicism interpretation of beliefs

A

priests interpret the Bible & Church teachings for believers

28
Q

Lutheranism leadership

A

ministers lead congregations

29
Q

Lutheranism salvation

A

by faith alone

30
Q

Lutheranism Bible

A

Bible = sole source of revealed truth

31
Q

Lutheranism worship service

A

focused on preaching & ritual

32
Q

Lutheranism interpretation of beliefs

A

believers interpret the Bible for themselves

33
Q

Calvinism leadership

A

council of elders govern each church

34
Q

Calvinism salvation

A

God has predetermined who will be saved

35
Q

Calvinism Bible

A

Bible = sole source of revealed truth

36
Q

Calvinism worship service

A

focused on preaching

37
Q

Calvinism interpretation of beliefs

A

believers intrepret Bible for themselves

38
Q

Anglicanism leadership

A

English monarch = head of Church

39
Q

Anglicanism salvation

A

by faith alone

40
Q

Anglicanism Bible

A

Bible = sole source of revealed truth

41
Q

Anglicanism worship service

A

based on ritual & preaching

42
Q

Anglicanism interpretation of beliefs

A

believers interpret the Bible using tradition & reason

43
Q

Peace of Augsburg

A

1547 - Charles V defeated protesting princes, but failed to force them back into the Catholic Church

1555 - tired, ordered all princes to assemble in city of Augsburg

princes agreed that each ruler would decide the religion of his own state

44
Q

King Henry VIII of England

A

devout Catholic

wrote stinging attack on Luther’s ideas - “Defender of the Faith” by pope

needed male heir tho - feared civil war if died w/out son

45
Q

Catherine of Aragon

A

1st wife

daughter Mary

46
Q

Henry’s problem

A

by 1527, convinced Catherine would have no more children

wanted to divorce & take younger queen but not allowed by Church law - pope could annul tho

pope turned him down cuz didn’t want to offend Catherin’s nephew, Charles V

47
Q

the Reformation Parliament

A

1529, Henry called Parliament into session & asked it to pass a set of laws that ended the pope’s power in England

48
Q

Anne Boleyn

A

2nd wife 1533 in 20’s

shortly after marriage, Parliament legalized Henry’s divorce from Catherine

daughter Elizabeth

beheaded

49
Q

Act of Supremacy

A

1534, break with the pope completed

called on ppl to take an oath recognizing the divorce & accepting Henry, not the pope, as the official head of England’s Church

50
Q

opposition to Act of Supremacy

A

Thomas More, although strongly criticized the Church, devout Catholic

his faith, he said, would not allow him to accept the terms of the act & refused to take the oath

Henry had im arrested & imprisoned in Tower of London

1535, executed

51
Q

Jane Seymour

A

3rd wife

1537 gave him son Edward but died 2 weeks later

Henry married 3 more times, but none of these produced children

52
Q

after Henry’s death

A

each of his 3 children ruled in turn

Edward

Mary

Elizabeth

53
Q

Edward’s rule

A

too young, Edward VI guided by adult advisers - devout Protestants & introduced Protestant reforms to the English Church

almost constantly in ill health, reigned for only 6 years

54
Q

Mary’s rule

A

Catholic who returned the English Church to the pope

efforts met w/ resistance, had many Protestants executed

died 5 years later

55
Q

Elizabeth’s rule

A

Elizabeth I returned to Protestantism

1559, Parliament followed her wishes & set up the Church of England, or Anglican Church, with Elizabeth as its head → to be the only legal church in England

56
Q

Elizabeth’s Anglican church

A

a state church that moderate Catholics & moderate Protestants might both accept

for Protestants - priests in the Church were allowed to marry, could deliver sermons in English (instead of Latin)

for Catholics - Church kept some of the trappings of the Catholic service, church services revised to be more acceptable to them

57
Q

Elizabeth’s challenges

A

some Protestants pushed for more far-reaching church reforms

some Catholics tried to overthrew & replace her w/ cousin, Catholic Mary Queen of Scots

threats from Philip II, Catholic king of Spain

money

58
Q

Elizabeth’s need for money

A

late 1500s, English began to think abt building an American empire as income

but while colonies strengthened England economically, didn’t enrich the queen directly

59
Q

What was the Catholic Church’s power like in Western Europe during the 15th century?

A

dictatorial institution/state

required taxes, strict laws, etc.

armies

influence from far west of Ireland to southern tip of Italy

60
Q

Describe Martin Luther’s early childhood life

A

father, Hans, coppersmith, broke free of feudal system, punished failure

mother punished as well

→ low self-esteem, rebellions later on

went to best schools - Univ. of Ereford (Rome of the region)

61
Q
A

World History (2 decks)

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