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Biol exam 3 > CH 18 > Flashcards

CH 18 Flashcards

1
Q

When a cell undergoes mitosis what happens to the genes?

A

the daughter cells have identical genes, and these genes are identical to those of the ?parent? cells that produced them.

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2
Q

What happens to the organelles when a eukaryotic cell divides?

A

the daughter cells receive enough of the organelles to start up the new cells and produce additional organelles as needed.

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3
Q

In mitosis, if a ?parent? cell has 16 chromosomes, each daughter cell will have how many chromosomes?

A
  1. 16
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4
Q

What is the term describes cells with a double set of genetic information

A
  1. diploid.
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5
Q

Give an example of a cell that is NOT a somatic cell)

A

Sperm, egg

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6
Q

What is the chromosome number in human body cells?

A
  1. 46.
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7
Q

Chromatids that are attached at the centromere are called what kind of chromatids?

A
  1. sister
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8
Q

DNA replication occurs during what phase(s)?

A
  1. S phase
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9
Q

What is the number of chromatids present in a duplicated chromosome?

A
  1. 2.
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10
Q

Write out the proper sequence of phases for mitosis.

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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11
Q

What is the name of the phase during which the chromosomes are aligned at the spindle equator ?

A

metaphase.

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12
Q

At the end of which phase is the chromosomes condensed?

A

prophase.

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13
Q

The spindle apparatus becomes visible during what phase

A

prophase.

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14
Q

The chromosomes detach from one another and become visibly separated during what phase?

A

anaphase.

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15
Q

The chromosomes are moving to opposite poles during what phase?

A

anaphase.

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16
Q

The chromosomes have arrived at opposite poles during during?

A

telophase.

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17
Q

The nuclear membrane reforms during what phase?

A

telophase.

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18
Q

Strictly speaking, mitosis and meiosis are divisions of which part(s) of a cell?

A

nucleus and chromosomes.

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19
Q

In which of the stages below does the chromosome consist of two chromatids?

A

metaphase and prophase

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20
Q

The distribution of cytoplasm to daughter cells is accomplished during what phase?

A

cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division).

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21
Q

What does ionizing radiation do to cells?

A

It breaks apart chromosomes and alters genes.

22
Q

Why do small doses of ionizing radiation over a long period of time cause less damage than the same amount of radiation in a very short time?

A

the body has time to repair damaged DNA.

23
Q

What is the purpose of irradiating foods?

A

It destroy harmful bacteria, fungi and other microorganisms and limits spoilage.

24
Q

What kinds of cells go through meiosis?

A

germ cells

25
Q

What is the main point of meiosis?

A

each gamete receives one member of each pair of homologous chromosomes, and gametes are formed that are haploid.

26
Q

What does gamete formation mean?

A

the formation of sex cells.

27
Q

What is gametogenesis?

A

the formation of sex cells.

28
Q

Give one advantage of sexual reproduction.

A

results in new combinations of genetic traits.

29
Q

What would happen if meiosis did not occur in sexually reproducing organisms?

A

chromosome number would double in each generation.

30
Q

If a parent cell has 16 chromosomes and undergoes meiosis, each of the resulting cells will have how many chromosomes?

A
  1. 8
31
Q

Homologous chromosomes may swap segments of genetic information during which phase of meiosis?

A

prophase I

32
Q

How many chromatids are in cell in prophase I of spermatogenesis in humans?

A
  1. 92
33
Q

How many cells are produced when one cell goes through meiosis

A
  1. 4 haploid cells.
34
Q

What event begins Anaphase?

A

Anaphase is initiated when the newly divided centromeres begin to move apart.

35
Q

Paired homologous chromosomes are found at the spindle equator during what phase?

A

metaphase I.

36
Q

What happens to the DNA during meiosis II?

A

sister chromatids of each chromosome are separated from each other.

37
Q

Copies of chromosomes linked together at their centromeres at the beginning of meiosis are appropriately called what kind of chromatids?

A

sister

38
Q

What is crossing over?

A

alters the composition of chromosomes and results in new combinations of alleles being channeled into the daughter cells.

39
Q

Intimate contact between homologous chromosomes and crossing over occur during what phase?

A
  1. prophase I.
40
Q

Why is crossing over important?

A

It increases variability in gametes.

41
Q

Pairing of homologues and crossing over occur during what? phase

A

prophase I.

42
Q

What are different, or alternative, forms of the same gene called?

A
  1. alleles.
43
Q

During meiosis in what phase are sister chromatids separated from each other?

A

anaphase II.

44
Q

Under favorable conditions, during which phase of meiosis will the chromosomes appear as packets of four chromatids?

A

prophase I

45
Q

Why is crossing over one of the most important events in meiosis?

A

it produces new arrays of alleles on chromosomes.

46
Q

46) During what phase are maternal and paternal chromosomes shuffled most?

A
  1. metaphase I.
47
Q

During anaphase I, each homologue is separated from its partner. What is this process is called?

A

disjunction.

48
Q

How is genetic variation associated with meiosis manifested?

A

There are new combinations of alleles due to crossing over. There is random movement of homologous pairs of chromosomes moving to spindle poles. random chance playing a role when a sperm fertilizes an egg.

49
Q

In what phase(s) are the events of the cell cycle mainly cytoplasmic, not chromosomal?

A
  1. G1 and G2
50
Q

During which phase of mitosis are the nuclei reformed?

A

telophase

51
Q

In which phase of mitosis are the chromosomes lined up on the equator?

A

metaphase

Biol exam 3 (6 decks)

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