Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cell Biology > Ch 2&3 > Flashcards

Ch 2&3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are forces between two net or partial charges?

A

Electrostatic Interactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is an attraction between two opposite net charges?

A

Ionic bond, or an ion-ion interaction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is an attraction between two opposite partial charges?

A

Dipole-dipole interactions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is an attraction between two opposite partial charges when one is a hydrogen atom?

A

Hydrogen bond.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is an attraction between one net charge and an opposite partial charge?

A

ion-dipole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How many hydrogen bonds or ion-dipole interactions can one water molecule form?

A

up to 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are substances that can easily form hydrogen bonds or ion-dipole interactions (especially with water) called?

A

hydrophylic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

If something can form hydrogen bonds with water, what does it tell you about that molecule?

A
  • Partial charges are present.

- Polar covalent bonds are present.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

If something can form an ion-dipole interaction with water, what does it tell you about that molecule?

A

It must be an ion (ex. Sodium).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are characteristics of hydrophilic substances?

A

There are lots of polar bonds given the size of the molecule, and it has a net charge.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are characteristics of hydrophobic substances?

A

There are few polar bonds given the size of the molecule, and there are no net charges.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Nearly all carbon-containing compounds are considered what type of compound?

A

organic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are exceptions to being organic compounds?

A

CO2 and its derivatives.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are molecules that contain only carbon and hydrogen called?

A

hydrocarbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How many valence electrons does carbon have?

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How many electrons does carbon have total?

A

6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How many covalent bonds does carbon need to fill its outer valence shell?

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are properties of hydrocarbons?

A

1-4 carbons ~ (natural gas) gaseous and flammable.
5-12 carbons ~ (gasoline) liquid and flammable, high vapor pressure.
12-15 carbons ~ (kerosene) liquid and flammable, low vapor pressure.
15-18 carbons ~ (motor oil or diesel fuel)
18+ carbons ~ (tar, mineral oil, or Vaseline).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Hydroxyl

A

R-OH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Carboxyl

A

R-CO2H

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Carbonyl

A

R-CH=O:
Ketone: R-C=O-R (bonded to a carbon)
Aldehyde: R-CH=O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Amino

A

R-NH2

lone pair on N

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Acetyl

A

R-C=O(-CH3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Phosphate

A

R-O-PO3H

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What determines pH?

A

[H3O+]

[H+]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does a H ion look like in aqueous solution?

A

H3O+ (hydronium ion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What does the acid to conjugate base equation look like?

A

HA H+ plus A-

Increase [H+] and lower pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is A-?

A

The conjugate base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What does the base to conjugate acids equation look like?

A

A- plus H+ HA

Lower [H+] and increase pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How do cells control their own pH?

A

Transport H+ into or out of the cell, and use buffers to moderate pH.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the concentration of H+ when pH is low? Are you more likely to find acid or base forms of functional groups?

A

High [H+].
Acid form of functional groups.
pH>pKa thus [HA]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the concentration of H+ when pH is high? Are you more likely to find acid or base forms of functional groups?

A

Low [H+].
Base form of functional groups.
pH [A-]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

At some pH, half of the molecules will be protonated (acid form) and half will be deprotonated (base form). What do you call this pH?

A

pKa.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

If the pKa is low for a compound, it means you need a low pH to keep half of the molecules protonated. This means it easily releases H+, making it a strong acid. What does this mean for its conjugate base?

A

It’s a weak base.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Is the pKa usually high or low for carboxylic acids?

A

Low. This makes it a strong acid and weak base.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

High pKa means ____ acid and ____ base.

A

Weak acid and strong base.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

-What groups usually have a high pKa?

A

-Amino groups.

– carbonyl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

> Carboxylic acid with a pH of 7.

A
  • Above the pKa.
  • -[H+] is lower than needed.
  • –The base form is most common.
  • —Yes, it is charged.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

> Ammonia with a pH of 7.

A

1) Below the pKa.
2) [H+] is higher than needed.
3) The acid form is most common.
4) Yes, it is charged.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Functional groups are most commonly linked by what type of reactions?

A

Condensation. Also called dehydration reactions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Functional groups can be separated by what type of reaction?

A

Hydrolysis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Draw a dehydration reaction, then hydrolize it.

A

R-O-H + H-O-R –> R-O-R + H-O-H

R-O-R + H-O-H –> R-O-H + H-O-R

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Macromolecules are long chains of building blocks. These chains are generally called what?

A

Polymers

the suffix -mer means unit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

An individual building block is generally called what?

A

A monomer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

When a monomer is built into a polymer, it can no longer be called a monomer. What is it then referred to as?

A

A residue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Proteins are polymers of what type of molecule?

A

Amino acids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

How are amino acids categorized?

A

By their side chains.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What kind of linkage is formed between the two residues in a protein?

A

An amide linkage or peptide bond.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

When you bond two amino acids, even though there is only one amide linkage, what is the molecule called?

A

Dipeptide.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is the name for a short polymer?

A

(2-49 peptides) Oligopeptide.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is the name for a long polymer?

A

(50+ peptides) Polypeptide.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is an amino acid polymer called after it has been folded properly?

A

A protein.

53
Q

What does the backbone of a protein look like?

A

Repeating units of NCC-NCC-NCC-NCC.

54
Q

The three dimensional shape of a protein is regarded as its what?

A

Conformation.

55
Q

The sequence of amino acid residues, read from N to C terminus, is referred to as what?

A

The primary structure.

56
Q

Simple folding based on hydrogen bonds between different regions of the protein backbone is referred to as what?

A

The secondary structure.

57
Q

What are two common types of secondary structure?

A

alpha helices and beta pleated sheets.

58
Q

Many membrane spanning segments are formed from what type of structure?

A

Alpha helices.

59
Q

When additional folds (specifically relating to the side chains) are added to secondary structure it is called what?

A

Tertiary structure.

60
Q

Once it’s folded, the protein regions are called what?

A

Domains

61
Q

Small domains are referred to as what?

A

Motifs

62
Q

Why are domains significant?

A

Regardless of their size, they’re usually associated with certain functions.

63
Q

When you have interactions between multiple polypeptides it’s referred to as what?

A

Quaternary structure (or a multimeric protein).

64
Q

What is a protein with two subunits referred to as?

A

Dimer

Ex. Tubulin

65
Q

What is a protein with three subunits referred to as?

A

Trimer

Ex. G Protein

66
Q

What is the prefix used when two or more protein subunits are the same?

A

Homo-

67
Q

What is the prefix used when two or more protein subunits are different?

A

Hetero-

68
Q

What do you call the corresponding different versions of proteins?

A

Variants

69
Q

Are all variances in primary structure detrimental?

A

Not necessarily… Differences can matter a lot, a little, or not at all.

70
Q

What is an example of a detrimental mutation in the primary structure of a protein?

A

Sickle-cell anemia. There is a substitution of valine for glutamate, and it makes a big difference.

71
Q

What is DNA made up of?

A

Nucleic Acids

72
Q

Why are nucleic acids referred to as such?

A

Nucleic - found in the nucleus

Acid - phosphate backbone is acidic and charged at a neutral pH (conjugate base form).

73
Q

What are the three parts of nucleic acid nucleotides?

A
  1. Nitrogenous base.
  2. 5-carbon sugar (pentose) *note the numbering
  3. Phosphate group
74
Q

What is the structural difference between ribose and deoxyribose sugars?

A

DNA has a -H on the 2nd carbon, while RNA has an -OH.

75
Q

What’s the difference between a purine and a pyrimidine?

A

A purine has two rings, while a pyrimidine has one ring.

-Hint: short word, long molecule.

76
Q

What is the term for a nitrogenous base and sugar with no phosphate?

A

Nucleoside.

77
Q

What are the names of the nitrogenous bases?

A

Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, uracil (RNA).

78
Q

What are the names of the nucleosides?

A

Adenosine, thymidine, guanosine, cytidine, uridine (RNA).

79
Q

What is the directionality of polynucleotides?

A

5’ end is the phosphate end, 3’ end is the hydroxide end. Strands run anti-parallel.

80
Q

Carbohydrate monomers are called:

A

Monosaccharides.

81
Q

Two carbohydrates are called:

A

Disaccharide.

82
Q

A few carbohydrates together are called:

A

Oligosaccharides (~3-50)

83
Q

Many carbohydrates together are called:

A

A polysaccharide.

84
Q

Mono and Disaccharides are called:

A

Sugars

85
Q

Sugar names often end in the suffix ____. .

A

-ose

86
Q

Most monosaccharides have either three, five or six carbons. They’re referred to as:

A

Triose, pentose, or hexose sugars.

87
Q

All carbohydrates have hydroxyl groups. Therefore all carbohydrates are:

A

Alcohols.

88
Q

In their linear form, there’s always a carbonyl in the carbohydrate. In this conformation they are referred to as:

A

Aldoses or ketoses.

89
Q

What does the name aldopentose tell you about the molecule?

A

-ose tells you you’re dealing with a sugar. Aldo- tells you the carbonyl is on the end of the molecule. -pent- tells you there are five carbons in the molecule.

90
Q

Monosaccharides fit the general formula:

A

(CH2O)n

91
Q

In linear form there is an equilibrium between what relating to sugars?

A

An equilibrium between the linear and ring form of the hexose and pentose sugars.

92
Q

How are alpha and beta rings related?

A

The alpha rings have the hydroxide pointing down, while the beta forms have the hydroxide pointing up.

93
Q

What kind of linkages hold polysaccharides together?

A

1-4 glycosidic linkages (between two carbohydrates).

*These molecules don’t adhere to the (CH2O)n rule because you remove a water molecule.

94
Q

What are some common disaccharides?

A

Lactose - Milk sugar
Maltose - Malt sugar
Sucrose - Table sugar

95
Q

What two functions do polysaccharides typically serve?

A

Storage or structure.

96
Q

How do plants store polysaccharides? How do animals store them?

A

Plants - starch

Animal - glycogen

97
Q

How are polysaccharides structured?

A

Alpha 1-4 glycosidic linkages, with 1-6 linked branches.

98
Q

What is the structure of glycogen like?

A

Highly branched.

99
Q

How is starch structured?

A

Amylose is unbranched.

Amylopectin is highly branched.

100
Q

Where do animals store starch?

Plants?

A

Animals -in skeletal muscle and liver hepatocytes.

Plants -amyloplasts and chloroplasts.

101
Q

Why store starch as a small number of large molecules as opposed to a large number of small molecules?

A
  1. To then reach a concentration homeostasis inside the cell, water would influx and the cell would explode.
  2. Glucose can’t go up a concentration gradient.
102
Q

What type of reaction would you use to separate a polysaccharide?

A

Hydrolysis.

103
Q

Our small intestine can only absorb monosaccharides, therefore di- and polysaccharides must be hydrolyzed. Can our intestines hydrolyze starch and glycogen? Cellulose?

A

Yes.

Not cellulose.

104
Q

What are bacterial and fungal cell walls made of?

A

Chitin

105
Q

Are lipids macromolecules?

A

No.

106
Q

Why are lipids typically grouped together?

A

Because they all don’t fit anywhere else. They’re generally hydrophobic or amphipathic.

107
Q

How are fatty acids structured? How would you describe its solubility?

A

They have a hydrocarbon tail and carboxylic acid head. It’s amphipathic.

108
Q

What is it referred to as when the lipid has no double bonds between any of the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail?

A

A saturated fat.

109
Q

What if it has one or more double bonds between the carbons?

A

Unsaturated (Polyunsaturated)

110
Q

What is a triglyceride?

A

1 glycerol with 3 fatty acids attached.

111
Q

How would you classify glycerol?

A

An alcohol.

112
Q

What type of linkage exists between the glycerol and fatty acid chains?

A

Ester linkages.

113
Q

How are ester linkages formed?

How are they broken?

A

Dehydration.

Hydrolysis.

114
Q

Double bonds are in which conformation in most unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Most are in the cis conformation.

115
Q

What properties do unsaturated fats possess?

A

Liquid.

116
Q

What are unsaturated fats usually called? What are saturated fats usually called?

A

Oils.

Fats.

117
Q

Warm creatures tend to possess which kind of fat? What kind do cold creatures possess?

A

Warm creatures usually have saturated fats.

Cold creatures usually have unsaturated triglycerides.

118
Q

Where do you usually find hydrogenated vegetable oil?

A

Margarine, Crisco, and peanut butter.

119
Q

How does partial hydrogenation occur?

A

Turn some of the double bonds to be in the trans vs cis conformation. This makes the molecule semi-solid, and consumption increases the risk of heart disease.

120
Q

Phospholipids come in two flavors:

A

Phosphoglycerides and sphingolipids.

121
Q

How are the two classes of phospholipids related? How are their solubility properties?

A

They both contain a phosphate, and something that’s either charged or polar at the other end. The molecules are amphipathic.

122
Q

Phosphoglycerides are mainly which way in structure?

A

Made with glycerol, two fatty acids, a phosphate, and something else (either charged or polar).

123
Q

How are sphingolipids molecules structured? What type of bonds link the parts of the molecule together?

A

They’re almost the same but based on sphingosine. Amide linkages hold it together (it also has a C=C, which is different).

124
Q

What are glycolipids?

A

Very similar to sphingolipids, but they have an oligosaccharide instead of a phosphate (it’s a very polar carbon chain).

125
Q

How are steroids structured?

A

Distinct four ring structure.

126
Q

How often are steroids found in prokaryotes?

A

Very rarely.

127
Q

What class does cholesterol fall in? Where is it found in animal cells?

A

Steroid. It’s found in animal cell membranes.

128
Q

What are sterols?

A

Steroids with hydroxyl groups.

129
Q

True or false: Other eukaryotes have cholesterol like molecules. .

A

True

Cell Biology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions